<section id="atc-communication">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#atc-communication"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> ATC Communication</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p>Communication is an essential part of flying the skies of Infinite Flight, this section covers all aspects from pushback, to parking on stand.</p>
<p>On this page, you can find the following miscellaneous items covered:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/overview#when-to-contact-atc-on-departure" class="documentation-content-link">When to Contact ATC</a></li>
<li><a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/overview#common-mistakes-when-communicating-with-atc" class="documentation-content-link">Common Mistakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/overview#special-circumstances" class="documentation-content-link">Special Circumstances</a>.</li>
</ul>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Need help using the Communication User Interface? Make sure to check out our <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/communication#communication" class="documentation-content-link">Getting Started Guide</a>!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="when-to-contact-atc-on-departure">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#when-to-contact-atc-on-departure"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> When to Contact ATC on Departure</h2>
<section class="reference">
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Facility</th>
<th>When</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Ground</td>
<td>When you are ready to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/atis-pushback-and-taxi#pushback-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">pushback</a> or <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/atis-pushback-and-taxi#taxi-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">taxi</a>, you can contact Ground to make the request</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tower</td>
<td>You should contact Tower when you are either handed off from Ground or ready for departure (after being told to &quot;taxi to RWY XX, contact Tower when ready&quot;). Once with Tower, you can make your <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#take-off-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">request</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Radar</td>
<td>You should contact Radar (Departure/Center/Approach) when you are either handed off by Tower after take-off or entering the Controller’s airspace upon departure from a non-controlled field. Once with Radar, you can initiate communication by transmitting <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#departure-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">&quot;Check In [IFR]&quot; or &quot;Flight Following [VFR]&quot;</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="when-to-contact-atc-on-arrival">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#when-to-contact-atc-on-arrival"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> When to Contact ATC on Arrival</h2>
<section class="reference">
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Facility</th>
<th>When</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Radar</td>
<td>You should contact a Radar Controller upon arrival when you are either handed off from another Radar Controller or entering the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/en-route#en-route-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">Controller’s airspace</a>. Once with Radar, you can initiate communication by transmitting &quot;Check In [IFR]&quot;, &quot;Flight Following [VFR]&quot; or a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/descent-and-approach#descent-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">specific approach request</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tower</td>
<td>You should contact Tower when you are either handed off from a Radar Controller or inbound with no radar service (within 25nm and below 10,000 AAL). Once with Tower, you can <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/landing-and-taxi-to-parking#landing-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">initiate communication</a> by calling &quot;inbound on the [ILS/GPS/Visual], RWY XX&quot; or when no approach service was provided, &quot;inbound for [landing/touch &amp; go]&quot;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ground</td>
<td>You should contact Ground when you are either handed off by Tower (this can be in the form of an exit instruction) or exiting the runway without an exit instruction/handoff. Once with Ground, you can make your <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/landing-and-taxi-to-parking#taxi-to-parking-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">request</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="common-mistakes-when-communicating-with-atc">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#common-mistakes-when-communicating-with-atc"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Common Mistakes when Communicating with ATC</h2>
<section class="reference">
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Calling &quot;inbound on the [ILS/GPS/Visual]&quot; without an Approach Clearance</summary><p>If you did not receive an approach clearance from a Radar Controller, you must ensure that you announce &quot;inbound for [landing/touch &amp; go]&quot;, not &quot;inbound on the [ILS/GPS/Visual]&quot;.</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Transmitting &quot;Check In [IFR]&quot; on initial contact with Approach</summary><p>When with a Radar Controller that is operating Approach, only make the approach request - no other requests are required.</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Transmitting &quot;requesting descent via [STAR] arrival&quot; when with Approach</summary><p>When with a Radar Controller that is operating Approach, only make the approach request - no other requests are required.</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Requesting &quot;Flight Following [VFR]&quot; after &quot;Check In [IFR]&quot;</summary><p>When contacting a Radar Controller only send one request - &quot;Check In [IFR]&quot; followed by &quot;Flight Following [VFR]&quot; is asking for two different services and is not required</p>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Announcing &quot;remaining in the pattern&quot; when departing</summary><p>If you do not intend on flying patterns at the airport, then do not announce &quot;remaining in the pattern&quot;. Instead, announce the direction of your departure from the Tower Controller's airspace.</p>
</details>
</section>
</section>
<section id="special-circumstances">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#special-circumstances"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Special Circumstances</h2>
<section class="reference">
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Scenario</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Center as Approach</td>
<td>You should make your initial &quot;Check In [IFR]&quot; request with Center when entering their airspace, and &quot;requesting descent via [STAR] arrival&quot; when approaching your TOD. When reaching FL180, you can then make your specific approach request for the destination airport; Center will acknowledge (workload permitting) this request and issue vectors (if required) and a clearance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tower in the Absence of Ground</td>
<td>If no Ground frequency is active, you can pushback and taxi to a runway at your discretion (provided it is clear to do so). No communication with Tower is necessary until you are ready for take-off</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Controller Change in Progress</td>
<td>When a Controller change is in progress, there will be a brief period where no Controller is present. You should continue to fly as normal and treat any clearances previously issued as valid. When the new Controller switches in, no requests are required as the Controller will be able to see all previous communication in the message log</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>


Overview

ATIS, Pushback and Taxi

Take-Off and Departure

<section id="remaining-in-the-pattern">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#remaining-in-the-pattern"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Remaining in the Pattern</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="remaining-in-the-pattern-communication-summary">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#remaining-in-the-pattern-communication-summary"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Remaining in the Pattern Communication Summary</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Select the active Tower frequency</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/active-tower-frequency.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/active-tower-frequency@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/active-tower-frequency@3x.png 3x" alt="Active Tower Frequency" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Active Tower Frequency</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Tap &quot;Request Departure&quot;</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-departure-2.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-departure-2@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-departure-2@3x.png 3x" alt="Request Departure 2" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Request Departure 2</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Select the runway you are holding short of and then tap &quot;Remaining in the Pattern&quot;</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/select-departure-runway-2.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/select-departure-runway-2@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/select-departure-runway-2@3x.png 3x" alt="Select Departure Runway 2" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Select Departure Runway 2</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/send-remaining-in-the-pattern-request.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/send-remaining-in-the-pattern-request@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/send-remaining-in-the-pattern-request@3x.png 3x" alt="Send Remaining in the Pattern Request" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Send Remaining in the Pattern Request</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>When you receive your take-off clearance (or other communication from the Controller), the Communication button will flash amber and the message will appear at the top of the screen, tap the Communication button to reply to the message</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/reply-to-take-off-clearance-2.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/reply-to-take-off-clearance-2@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/reply-to-take-off-clearance-2@3x.png 3x" alt="Reply to Take-Off Clearance 2" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Reply to Take-Off Clearance 2</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Once airborne you will receive a sequence and clearance as a minimum, you may also receive a pattern entry if required (e.g. due to a runway change)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/sequence-and-clearance.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/sequence-and-clearance@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/sequence-and-clearance@3x.png 3x" alt="Sequence and Clearance" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Sequence and Clearance</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="remaining-in-the-pattern-communication-tables">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#remaining-in-the-pattern-communication-tables"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Remaining in the Pattern Communication Tables</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Below are all the ATC commands that can be sent to pilots by a Tower Controller and what pilots can request or respond with:</p>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Pilot to Tower Controller (On the Ground)</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">Request/Message (On the Ground)</th>
<th style="text-align:left">When to Send</th>
<th style="text-align:left">When Not to Send</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Departure - Departing</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should request departure if they are ready to take-off from the active runway. The direction should correlate to the direction the pilot will be departing Tower’s airspace. &quot;In Sequence&quot; can be included when not first in line for departure.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Departure - Remaining in the Pattern</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should state that they will be remaining in the pattern if they plan to fly patterns (take-off and land at the same airport). &quot;In Sequence&quot; can be included when not first in line for departure.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Runway Crossing</td>
<td style="text-align:left">If the pilot is with the tower controller and wishes to cross a runway, they should request permission to cross the active end.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Frequency Change</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should request a frequency change if they wish to change frequencies and have not yet been given a clearance to do so.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Pilot to Tower Controller (In the Air)</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">Request/Message (In the Air)</th>
<th style="text-align:left">When to Send</th>
<th style="text-align:left">When Not to Send</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Inbound for Landing</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should send this if they did not receive an approach clearance or were provided with radar vectors or flight following.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Inbound on the ILS</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should call inbound on the ILS if they were cleared for an ILS approach.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Inbound on the GPS</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should call inbound on the GPS if they were cleared for a GPS approach.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Inbound on the Visual</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should call inbound on the visual if they were cleared for a visual approach.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Announce Go Around</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Reasons to go around include an unstable approach, runway blocked by an aircraft, or loss of separation with the aircraft ahead.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Departure</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should request departure when exiting Tower’s airspace after flying in the pattern.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Report Position</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should report their position if they have not been cleared yet and are landing momentarily.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Report Position - Full Stop</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot can send this to inform ATC that they will be landing after flying in the pattern.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Runway Change</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot can request a runway change if they would like to change runways while in the pattern or after calling inbound.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Transition</td>
<td style="text-align:left">If the pilot will be flying through Tower’s airspace, they should request a transition.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Request Frequency Change</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The pilot should request a frequency change if they wish to change frequencies and have not yet been given a clearance to do so.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Announce Missed Approach</td>
<td style="text-align:left">If the pilot’s approach is not looking right for any reason, they should announce a missed approach.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Tower Controller to Pilot</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Instruction/Message</th>
<th>ATC Intention</th>
<th>Pilot Actions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cleared for Take-off</td>
<td>ATC is clearing the pilot for take-off.</td>
<td>The pilot should commence their take-off roll.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cancel Take-Off Clearance, Hold Position</td>
<td>ATC is canceling the pilot's take-off clearance.</td>
<td>The pilot should abort their take-off and hold on the runway.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hold Short</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to hold their position off the runway.</td>
<td>The pilot should proceed to the hold short line and stop (the Controller may also advise the pilot of departure sequencing information).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line Up and Wait</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to line up on the runway and hold their position.</td>
<td>The pilot should enter the runway, stop, and be prepared to takeoff.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Back Taxi</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to enter the runway and taxi to the specified end.</td>
<td>The pilot should taxi on the runway and, depending on the instruction, either exit and contact Ground or line up and wait.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exit Runway</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to exit the runway they just landed on.</td>
<td>The pilot should roll off the runway and contact Ground.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exit Runway, Cross Runway XX and Contact Ground.</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to exit the runway at a controlled speed, cross Runway XX, and contact Ground.</td>
<td>The pilot should bring their aircraft to a safe speed, cross the specified runway, and contact Ground. No further communication with Tower is necessary.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exit Runway, Hold Short of Runway XX</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to exit the runway at a controlled speed and hold short of Runway XX.</td>
<td>The pilot should bring their aircraft to a controlled speed and hold short at the specified runway. They should stay with Tower; runway crossing requests are unnecessary.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Speed at your Discretion</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to manage their own speed.</td>
<td>The pilot may fly at any safe speed, following speed restrictions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Present Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to maintain their current speed until told otherwise.</td>
<td>The pilot should check their speed and maintain that until told otherwise.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Slowest Practical Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to fly as slow as is safe.</td>
<td>The pilot should decrease their speed as much as possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Best Forward Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to fly as fast as is safe.</td>
<td>The pilot should increase their speed as much as possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Adjust Speed to Follow Aircraft Ahead</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to slow down to maintain separation with the aircraft ahead.</td>
<td>The pilot should adjust their speed so that they are flying at or less than the speed of the aircraft ahead.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Remaining in the Pattern

<section id="en-route">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#en-route"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> En-Route</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="en-route-communication-summary">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#en-route-communication-summary"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> En-Route Communication Summary</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>If you were sent &quot;Frequency change approved, good day&quot; then there is currently no Controller active in your area - we recommend just tuning out of the current frequency by tapping &quot;Tune out of [airport ICAO code] [facility]&quot; and continuing en-route. If you have been handed off to an active frequency, it will give you two options, either &quot;Send &amp; Switch&quot; (which will reply and automatically tune you to the next frequency) or &quot;Send&quot; (which will reply but you will then need to tune to the next frequency manually)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/send-and-switch.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/send-and-switch@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/send-and-switch@3x.png 3x" alt="Send and Switch" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Send and Switch</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Once you are tuned into the Radar Controller's frequency, the following table outlines which requests can be transmitted:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Departure Type</th>
<th>Check In [IFR]</th>
<th>Flight Following [VFR]</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>With Flight Plan</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Without Flight Plan</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/initial-contact.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/initial-contact@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/initial-contact@3x.png 3x" alt="Initial Contact" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Initial Contact</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Make sure to only make ONE request, multiple transmissions increase Controller workload and could result in a <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/violation-reasons#spamming-frequency---unnecessary-duplicate-requests" class="documentation-content-link">Violation</a>!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Make sure to monitor the airspace you are flying in, if you notice you are about to enter an active area or have been sent an &quot;On-Guard&quot; message, tune into the frequency. Below is a summary of the lateral and vertical boundaries of the different facilities:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Facility</th>
<th>Vertical Jurisdiction</th>
<th>Lateral Boundary</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Tower</td>
<td>SFC - 5000ft AAL</td>
<td>Most immediate ring/boundary surrounding the airport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Departure/Approach</td>
<td>SFC - 18,000ft/FL180</td>
<td>50nm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Center</td>
<td>SFC - 60,000ft/FL600</td>
<td>White boundaries</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note: Airspace parameters and ATC jurisdictions may be altered with the use of NOTAMs and/or TFRs during special events</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 5.1.1.1 - Airspace layout" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 5.1.1.1 - Airspace layout</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="en-route-communication-table">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#en-route-communication-table"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> En-Route Communication Table</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Below are all the ATC commands that can be sent to pilots by a Radar Controller and what pilots can request or respond with:</p>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Pilot to Radar Controller</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Request/Message</th>
<th>When to Send</th>
<th>When Not to Send</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Request Approach</td>
<td>The pilot should request an approach if they want an ILS, GPS, or visual approach provided.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Flight Following</td>
<td>The pilot can request this if they want to fly into their destination without receiving an approach. If approved, they are free to follow their flight plan and have discretion over their altitude.</td>
<td>This service should not be requested after Checking In.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Radar Vectors</td>
<td>If the pilot does not want an ILS, GPS, or visual approach, and they have not requested another service, they can request radar vectors. ATC will vector them onto a VFR pattern leg and hand them off to Tower/Unicom at pattern altitude.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Altitude Change</td>
<td>If the pilot is within 1,000ft of terrain or is within 3NM/1,000ft of another aircraft, they should request this. ATC will check their surroundings and take action if necessary. The pilot can also request this if they want to climb past their initial cruising altitude.</td>
<td>The pilot should not request this upon departure. Checking In gives the pilot discretion over their altitude.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Executing Missed Approach</td>
<td>The pilot may announce a missed approach if they are unable to continue their approach. If going around, this should be sent to the radar controller upon contact.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Check In</td>
<td>The Check In is primarily used with Center and Departure. Approval authorizes the pilot to follow their own lateral and vertical guidance filed in their FPL.</td>
<td>The pilot should not Check In with approach. Instead, they should simply request an approach.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Descent via STAR</td>
<td>The pilot should request this if they are 1 minute away from their top of descent (TOD) and have a STAR filed.</td>
<td>If Radar tells the pilot to state their approach request, the pilot should not request a descent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Frequency Change</td>
<td>The pilot should request a frequency change if they wish to change frequencies and have not yet been given a clearance to do so.</td>
<td>The pilot should not use this impatiently. Frequency changes will not always be given immediately.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Airport In Sight</td>
<td>The pilot may report airport in sight if they can see the airport while on a visual approach.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Radar Controller to Pilot</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Instruction/Message</th>
<th>ATC Intention</th>
<th>Pilot Actions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Continue As Filed</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to continue flying at their discretion.</td>
<td>The pilot should continue as filed; all altitude changes and directional changes do not require clearances.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Resume Own Navigation</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to navigate on their own.</td>
<td>The pilot should continue to navigate at their discretion; all directional changes do not require clearances. All altitude changes do.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Speed at Your Discretion</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to manage their own speed.</td>
<td>The pilot may fly at any safe speed, following speed restrictions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Present Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to maintain their current speed until told otherwise.</td>
<td>The pilot should check their speed and maintain that until told otherwise.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Slowest Practical Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to fly as slow as is safe.</td>
<td>The pilot should decrease their speed as much as possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Best Forward Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to fly as fast as is safe.</td>
<td>The pilot should increase their speed as much as possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Adjust Speed to Follow Aircraft ahead.</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to slow down to maintain separation with the aircraft ahead.</td>
<td>The pilot should adjust their speed so that they are flying at or less than the speed of the aircraft ahead.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Please Expedite Altitude Change</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to expedite their altitude change.</td>
<td>The pilot should increase their vertical speed to descend or ascend expeditiously.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amend Flight Plan to Include ATC Preferred STAR.</td>
<td>ATC needs to regulate traffic flow.</td>
<td>The pilot should add an ATC preferred STAR to their flight plan.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
</section>
</section>
</section>


En-Route

<section id="descent-and-approach">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#descent-and-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Descent and Approach</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="descent-communication-summary">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#descent-communication-summary"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Descent Communication Summary</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>If the ATIS is active for your destination, tap on the airport using your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">Map</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a>, select the Airport from the list, tap &quot;ATIS&quot;, and then &quot;TUNE&quot;</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Ensure that you have an &quot;ATC Preferred&quot; arrival (if they are listed) and an approach onto a runway that is currently in use for landing</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Tap the Communication button and select the respective Radar frequency to make initial contact:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Facility</th>
<th>Initial Radio Transmission</th>
<th>When*</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Center</td>
<td>&quot;Check In&quot;</td>
<td>Just prior to entering the white boundary on your map</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Approach</td>
<td>&quot;Approach Request&quot;**</td>
<td>At or below FL180 and within 50nm to destination</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*If you are with an active ATC facility, DO NOT change frequency without permission</p>
<p>**After &quot;Approach Request&quot; is tapped; select the airport, approach type and runway</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/_check-in_-with-center.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/_check-in_-with-center@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/_check-in_-with-center@3x.png 3x" alt="&quot;Check In&quot; with Center" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>&quot;Check In&quot; with Center</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>If you are in the cruise, 1 minute prior to your Top of Descent, send &quot;request descent via [STAR]&quot; (provided you have a STAR selected in your Flight Plan) to the Radar Controller</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-descent.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-descent@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-descent@3x.png 3x" alt="Request descent via" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Request descent via</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Once clearance is received, you can commence descent - check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/descent-clearance.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/descent-clearance@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/descent-clearance@3x.png 3x" alt="Descent Clearance" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Descent Clearance</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="approach-communication-summary">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#approach-communication-summary"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Approach Communication Summary</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Provided an Approach Controller is active, the Center Controller will hand you over at a predetermined point (usually FL180 or 50nm to your destination) - do not change frequency without permission!</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>When you receive your frequency change (or other communication from the Controller), the Communication button will flash amber and the message will appear at the top of the screen, tap the Communication button to &quot;Reply&quot; to the message. If you were sent &quot;Frequency change approved, good day&quot; then there is currently no Controller active in your area - we recommend just tuning out of the current frequency by tapping &quot;Tune out of [airport ICAO code] [facility]&quot; and continuing en-route. If you have been handed off to an active frequency, it will give you two options, either &quot;Send &amp; Switch&quot; (which will reply and automatically tune you to the next frequency) or &quot;Send&quot; (which will reply but you will then need to tune to the next frequency manually)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/reply-to-handoff-2.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/reply-to-handoff-2@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/reply-to-handoff-2@3x.png 3x" alt="Reply to Handoff 2" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Reply to Handoff 2</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Once tuned in, tap &quot;Request Approach&quot;</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-approach.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-approach@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/request-approach@3x.png 3x" alt="Request Approach" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Request Approach</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Select the respective airport</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/destination-airport.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/destination-airport@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/destination-airport@3x.png 3x" alt="Destination Airport" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Destination Airport</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Add your destination airport as the last fix in your flight plan. That way, the airport's frequencies will appear at the top of the list!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Tap on the approach type you would like to fly for &quot;any runway&quot; or select a specific runway and approach type</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/approach-and-runway.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/approach-and-runway@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/approach-and-runway@3x.png 3x" alt="Approach and Runway" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Approach and Runway</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>The Radar Controller will either instruct you to &quot;continue as filed&quot;, in which case continue your descent and own navigation; or to &quot;expect vectors&quot;, in which case, be prepared to receive vectors for the approach</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/continue-as-filed.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/continue-as-filed@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/continue-as-filed@3x.png 3x" alt="Continue as Filed" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Continue as Filed</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/expect-vectors.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/expect-vectors@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/expect-vectors@3x.png 3x" alt="Expect Vectors" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Expect Vectors</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>Be prepared to receive vectors and/or altitude assignments at any time during the approach; tap &quot;reply&quot; and then promptly fly them</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/receive-vectors.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/receive-vectors@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/receive-vectors@3x.png 3x" alt="Receive Vectors" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Receive Vectors</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 8</dt>
<dd>Once you are established and separation requirements are satisfied, the Radar Controller (at their discretion) will hand you over to the Tower Controller (if present)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/contact-tower.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/contact-tower@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/contact-tower@3x.png 3x" alt="Contact Tower" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Contact Tower</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="descent-and-approach-communication-table">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#descent-and-approach-communication-table"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Descent and Approach Communication Table</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Below are all the ATC commands that can be sent to pilots by a Radar Controller and what pilots can request or respond with:</p>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Pilot to Radar Controller</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Request/Message</th>
<th>When to Send</th>
<th>When Not to Send</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Request Approach</td>
<td>The pilot should request an approach if they want an ILS, GPS, or visual approach provided.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Flight Following</td>
<td>The pilot can request this if they want to fly into their destination without receiving an approach. If approved, they are free to follow their flight plan and have discretion over their altitude.</td>
<td>This service should not be requested after Checking In.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Radar Vectors</td>
<td>If the pilot does not want an ILS, GPS, or visual approach, and they have not requested another service, they can request radar vectors. ATC will vector them onto a VFR pattern leg and hand them off to Tower/Unicom at pattern altitude.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Altitude Change</td>
<td>If the pilot is within 1,000ft of terrain or is within 3NM/1,000ft of another aircraft, they should request this. ATC will check their surroundings and take action if necessary. The pilot can also request this if they want to climb past their initial cruising altitude.</td>
<td>The pilot should not request this upon departure. Checking In gives the pilot discretion over their altitude.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Executing Missed Approach</td>
<td>The pilot may announce a missed approach if they are unable to continue their approach. If going around, this should be sent to the radar controller upon contact.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Check In</td>
<td>The Check In is primarily used with Center and Departure. Approval authorizes the pilot to follow their own lateral and vertical guidance filed in their FPL.</td>
<td>The pilot should not Check In with approach. Instead, they should simply request an approach.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Descent via STAR</td>
<td>The pilot should request this if they are 1 minute away from their top of descent (TOD) and have a STAR filed.</td>
<td>If Radar tells the pilot to state their approach request, the pilot should not request a descent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Request Frequency Change</td>
<td>The pilot should request a frequency change if they wish to change frequencies and have not yet been given a clearance to do so.</td>
<td>The pilot should not use this impatiently. Frequency changes will not always be given immediately.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Airport In Sight</td>
<td>The pilot may report airport in sight if they can see the airport while on a visual approach.</td>
<td>In any other circumstance.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>Radar Controller to Pilot</summary><table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Instruction/Message</th>
<th>ATC Intention</th>
<th>Pilot Actions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Continue As Filed</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to continue flying at their discretion.</td>
<td>The pilot should continue as filed; all altitude changes and directional changes do not require clearances.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Resume Own Navigation</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to navigate on their own.</td>
<td>The pilot should continue to navigate at their discretion; all directional changes do not require clearances. All altitude changes do.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Speed at Your Discretion</td>
<td>ATC would like the pilot to manage their own speed.</td>
<td>The pilot may fly at any safe speed, following speed restrictions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Present Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to maintain their current speed until told otherwise.</td>
<td>The pilot should check their speed and maintain that until told otherwise.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Slowest Practical Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to fly as slow as is safe.</td>
<td>The pilot should decrease their speed as much as possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maintain Best Forward Speed</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to fly as fast as is safe.</td>
<td>The pilot should increase their speed as much as possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Adjust Speed to Follow Aircraft ahead.</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to slow down to maintain separation with the aircraft ahead.</td>
<td>The pilot should adjust their speed so that they are flying at or less than the speed of the aircraft ahead.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Please Expedite Altitude Change</td>
<td>ATC wants the pilot to expedite their altitude change.</td>
<td>The pilot should increase their vertical speed to descend or ascend expeditiously.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amend Flight Plan to Include ATC Preferred STAR.</td>
<td>ATC needs to regulate traffic flow.</td>
<td>The pilot should add an ATC preferred STAR to their flight plan.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Descent and Approach

Landing and Taxi to Parking

<section id="descent-planning">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#descent-planning"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Descent Planning</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/423207812" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<p>Descent preparation is a crucial step in any flight, the following tools will help you achieve a well planned descent:</p>
<ul>
<li>You as the pilot - we will show you how you can calculate the Rate of Descent (ROD) required, your Top of Descent (TOD) point, and how many track miles you need to lose the altitude.</li>
<li>The Altitude Arc, also known as a &quot;banana&quot;</li>
<li><a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/vertical-navigation-(vnav)#vertical-navigation-(vnav)" class="documentation-content-link">Vertical Navigation (VNAV)</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="manually-calculating-rate-of-descent-(rod)-required">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#manually-calculating-rate-of-descent-(rod)-required"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Manually calculating Rate of Descent (ROD) Required</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To calculate the Rate of Descent (ROD) required to fly a 3 degree flight path angle, simply use the calculation below:</p>
<p><strong>ROD = Groundspeed x 5</strong></p>
<p>e.g. 500kts GS: 500 x 5 = 2500</p>
<p>Therefore a vertical speed (v/s) of 2500fpm (feet per minute) is required</p>
<p>The ROD calculation is a great tool to use in your initial descent as you will likely still be quite far from your destination and there is no need to dive down. You can then continue to adjust your ROD by redoing the calculation based on your current groundspeed.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="manually-calculating-top-of-descent-(tod)">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#manually-calculating-top-of-descent-(tod)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Manually calculating Top of Descent (TOD)</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To calculate your Top of Descent (TOD) point, simply use the calculation below:</p>
<p><strong>Distance = Altitude / 1000 x 3</strong></p>
<p>e.g. FL380: 38000 / 1000 x 3 = 114</p>
<p>Therefore, with 38,000ft of altitude to lose, the distance required will be 114nm (nautical miles)</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Not sure what Top of Descent (TOD) means? Click <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/vertical-navigation-(vnav)#what-does-top-of-descent-(tod)-mean%3F" class="documentation-content-link">here</a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="altitude-arc">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#altitude-arc"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Altitude Arc</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Altitude Arc, commonly referred to as the &quot;banana&quot;; is a blue, curved line that depicts on the map/mini map where you will reach the bugged altitude that is currently selected on your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot FCU</a>.</p>
<p>The Altitude Arc/Banana takes into account your current groundspeed, vertical speed and altitude to place the arc on the map/mini map - because of this, you'll notice that the arc can move around quite a lot. For the altitude arc/banana to work, you must have the autopilot engaged with an altitude selected</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Can't find your altitude arc/banana? Open the map/mini map and look in the 12 o'clock position relative to your aircraft nose. Even if you have a turn in your flight plan, the arc is always directly in front of the aircraft. Also, don't forget; if you have a low vertical speed set, the arc could be very far away!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="vertical-navigation-(vnav)">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#vertical-navigation-(vnav)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Vertical Navigation (VNAV)</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>See <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/vertical-navigation-(vnav)#vertical-navigation-(vnav)" class="documentation-content-link">Vertical Navigation (VNAV)</a> for more info.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="descent-management">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#descent-management"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Descent Management</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>So you have now calculated your initial ROD and where to start your descent, perhaps you're going to let VNAV take care of it for you. But if you decide not to use VNAV, how can you make sure you're on profile?</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Don't forget about your altitude arc/banana - adjust your ROD so that the arc is before the point on the map where you want to be at that selected altitude</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p><strong>The following steps will help you keep on top of your descent:</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Calculate the platform altitude for the approach that you intend on flying (e.g. for a three degree ILS approach, with a Final Approach Point at 9 miles, this would be approximately 3000ft AAL)</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Take the platform altitude away from your current altitude (e.g. FL380: 38000 - 3000 = 35000)</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Divide this figure by 1000 and then multiply it by 3 (so in the above example 35000 / 1000 x 3 = 105)</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Again using the above example, we now know that to be at 3000ft for the approach, you need 105nm from your current position to lose the altitude</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Look at how many track miles you &quot;think&quot; you have to go before the Final Approach Point where we want to be at 3000ft</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Not sure how many track miles you have? Look at the map/mini map to help you, watch where the other aircraft are flying and use that to determine the most likely path you'll be taking, it doesn't need to be too accurate!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>If it is less than 105nm, you're high and need to increase your ROD. If it is more than 105nm then you can just maintain your current ROD or even reduce it</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>If you find you are high on the profile, there are two methods you can use:</strong></p>
<p>Method 1</p>
<ul>
<li>Reduce thrust to idle</li>
<li>Pitch for a high speed (e.g. 300kts IAS)</li>
<li>Extend speedbrakes</li>
</ul>
<p>Method 2</p>
<ul>
<li>Reduce thrust to idle</li>
<li>Shallow your descent and allow aircraft to decelerate</li>
<li>Extend speedbrakes</li>
<li>Get an intermediate stage of flaps out (e.g. Flap 2 for Airbus)</li>
<li>Then adjust pitch to maintain the speed</li>
</ul>
<p>Method 1 is very effective but tends to be better at high to intermediate altitudes. Method 2 is more appropriate when you are at lower altitudes, closer to terrain or surrounded by high levels of traffic. Regardless of what method you use, make sure to always follow ATC speed control if issued.</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you're still high, don't forget you also have the gear!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</dl>
<p><strong>You've seen how to calculate how many miles you need and how to recover the profile if you're high/low, now it's time to look at how to monitor your descent:</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Continue to do the above calculation and compare how many track miles you &quot;need&quot;, with how many track miles you &quot;have&quot;</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>If the difference in those two figures is reducing, you are &quot;regaining&quot; the profile. If the difference is increasing, you are becoming more high/low on the profile and therefore your ROD needs to be changed!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pick points during the descent that make the math easy! For example, if the platform is at 3000ft, use FL330, FL230 and FL130 to check your progress</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>


Descent Planning

<section id="vertical-navigation-(vnav)">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#vertical-navigation-(vnav)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Vertical Navigation (VNAV)</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/422519684" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="what-is-vnav%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-vnav%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is VNAV?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>VNAV stands for Vertical Navigation and is an autopilot feature that allows the aircraft to adjust vertical speed to meet a predetermined altitude at a specified waypoint. All SIDs, STARs, and Approaches have altitudes restrictions that have to be met; and VNAV is available (currently for descent only) to help meet these restrictions and reduce your workload.</p>
<p>Provided your flight plan has at least one waypoint with an altitude restriction, VNAV will calculate a desirable rate of climb/descent and adjust this as conditions change. The following parameters are used for this calculation:</p>
<ul>
<li>groundspeed</li>
<li>distance to the next waypoint</li>
<li>and the difference in altitude between your initial altitude and your target/final altitude</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-does-top-of-descent-(tod)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-top-of-descent-(tod)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Top of Descent (TOD) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Top of Descent, also known as TOD; is the point at which you initiate a descent from cruising altitude to another altitude in preparation for the arrival phase of flight. TOD is displayed in time and distance can can be found in two places, these are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Within the VNAV button on the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> Flight Control Unit (FCU)</li>
<li>And also on the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/status-bar#status-bar" class="documentation-content-link">Status Bar</a> if this option has been selected</li>
</ul>
<p>You can also manually calculate your TOD, click <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/descent-planning#manually-calculating-top-of-descent-(tod)" class="documentation-content-link">here</a> to find out how.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-use-vnav%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-use-vnav%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I use VNAV?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check your flight plan and ensure that the altitude restrictions are present for the procedure you are about to fly, you will require these for VNAV to work correctly</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Approaching your TOD, make sure to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/descent-and-approach#descent-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">request altitude change</a> if there is active ATC</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Once you have clearance and it is clear, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> FCU and tap VNAV to arm this function. Your altitude and VS will change color to magenta to indicate that VNAV is armed</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Before making any altitude changes, check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Altitude and VS input is not required, VNAV will now adjust your rate of vertical speed to meet the altitude restrictions programmed into your Flight Plan</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>VNAV will target a Flight Path Angle (FPA) of 2 degrees, however if you descend late, VNAV may increase this in order to meet the restriction. VNAV cannot exceed 3000 feet per minute (fpm) and therefore in this case, manual intervention may be required to meet the altitude restriction. In addition, the TOD calculator will start to read out negative values, this is because you passed the TOD point before commencing your descent</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>During the descent, an Altitude Arc will be displayed on the map which indicates the predicted position at which the aircraft will be level at the altitude currently displayed in the Autopilot FCU ALT button. If this arc is not at the desired position, VNAV may not be working correctly and manual intervention could be required</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-happens-once-i'm-level%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-happens-once-i'm-level%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What happens once I'm level?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Once VNAV has captured the desired altitude it will do one of two things:</p>
<ul>
<li>The Autopilot will level off and display the new distance to TOD (indicating where your next TOD is for that segment of the Flight Plan provided there are more altitude restrictions programmed in)</li>
<li>Or, the Autopilot will continue descending if it determines that you will be at or above the 2 degree Flight Path Angle (FPA) when you arrive at that altitude</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-do-i-do-when-i%E2%80%99m-being-vectored%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-do-i-do-when-i%E2%80%99m-being-vectored%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What do I do when I’m being Vectored?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>In general, Radar Controllers will try to let you fly the selected procedure as it reduces their workload, however they may be required to give vectors (almost certain on the Approach). When you are given vectors and/or altitude assignments it is important that you follow them:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Acknowledge the instruction sent to you using the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/descent-and-approach#approach-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">Communication</a> button</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> FCU and tap VNAV to disarm this function</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>Adjust your heading, altitude and/or speed as required by ATC</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>Ensure that your Navaids are tuned for the approach that you are expecting to fly</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Continuously check surroundings to make sure it is clear and for planning (particularly in the descent), use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Vertical Navigation (VNAV)

<section id="standard-terminal-arrival-route-(star)-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#standard-terminal-arrival-route-(star)-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR) Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-star%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-star%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a STAR?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Standard Terminal Arrival Routes, known as STARs, are a published flight procedure that are followed by aircraft on an IFR flight plan from an intermediate altitude. STARs allow aircraft to arrive following a pre-defined route (and in some cases with altitude/speed restrictions) that help them navigate adjacent airspaces, terrain and departing traffic.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-a-transition%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-transition%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a Transition?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>&quot;Transition&quot; is a word commonly used in aviation and you’re probably already familiar with requesting this with a Tower facility to transition through their airspace. A Transition when used with reference to SID/STARs refers to a branch of the procedure that will break you off in the direction of your destination. Not all procedures will have a transition but do keep an eye out for them as they will be beneficial when wanting a more direct routing.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-put-a-star-into-my-flight-plan%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-put-a-star-into-my-flight-plan%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I put a STAR into my Flight Plan?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/421196015" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the ATIS/D-ATIS for runway(s) and ATC preferred STAR(s) in use. You should try to pick an ATC preferred STAR and transition that starts in roughly the direction you are approaching from</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>It is common to be given vectors and/or altitude assignments during the approach, make sure to follow these - ATC instructions supersede your Flight Plan!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Load the STAR into your flight plan by following our step by step guide <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#selecting-departure%2C-arrival-and-approach-procedures" class="documentation-content-link">here</a></dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>It's possible you may be given a different runway to what you were expecting and therefore might need to change your STAR, be prepared and have a few options in case this happens</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="separation">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#separation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Separation</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>When aircraft are flying IFR, they must maintain a minimum separation of 3nm laterally or 1000ft vertically with other aircraft at all times.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 6.2.2.1 - Aircraft Separation" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 6.2.2.1 - Aircraft Separation</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-star%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-star%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a STAR?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Now that your flight plan is loaded, we can utilize the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#gps-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">GPS Navigation</a> to navigate the STAR</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Study your flight plan and/or charts, and if you wish, you can also tune any <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#navigation" class="documentation-content-link">navigation aids</a> used on the STAR for extra guidance. Make sure to follow all altitude/speed restrictions, this is crucial to observe airspace restrictions, ensure terrain clearance and to maintain separation with other traffic</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>When approaching your Top of Descent (TOD) with active ATC, you should request descent. The Controller will either approve descent via the STAR or instruct you to expect vectors if this is not possible. Don't forget that ATC instructions supersede your flight plan so make sure to follow them! They will let you know when it is clear to &quot;Continue as Filed&quot;</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>To follow the STAR, ensure that the magenta Radial Deviation Bar is inline with the magenta Course Select Pointer on your HSI</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Before making any turns, check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>
<p>As you approach the waypoint, the flight plan will automatically cycle to the next waypoint and your HSI will be reset with a new radial to follow</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>
<p>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> and LNAV mode to get your aircraft to follow the flight plan for you</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use caution when arming LNAV if the autopilot is engaged, the aircraft will immediately start to follow your flight plan - make sure it is clear first!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR) Navigation

Holding

<section id="diversion">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#diversion"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Diversion</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-diversion%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-diversion%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a Diversion?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>A diversion is when the aircraft is no longer able to continue to the original destination, and is now diverting to a new airport. The list of reasons as to why a diversion is initiated is endless but some of the most common reasons in Infinite Flight could be:</p>
<ul>
<li>The destination airport is full and no longer receiving inbound aircraft</li>
<li>There are long delays at the destination airport and you no longer have enough fuel to wait for an approach</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="considerations-for-a-diversion">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#considerations-for-a-diversion"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Considerations for a Diversion</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Below is a table of the various factors that should be taken into account before initiating a diversion:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Factors</th>
<th>Considerations</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Fuel</td>
<td>Do you have enough fuel to get there?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Weather</td>
<td>Is the weather suitable for an approach and landing? What type of approaches are available?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Route</td>
<td>Is there terrain or airspace that you need to be aware of en-route?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Airport Facility</td>
<td>Are the taxiways, aprons and parking spaces suitable for the size of your aircraft?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Landing Performance</td>
<td>Is the runway long enough for you to land safely?</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>To help reduce your workload during a diversion, there are things that you can do to be prepared:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Before departure, make sure to check alternate airports that are close to your destination and look if they meet the criteria above</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make sure to have a minimum of one alternate selected and load the fuel required for this</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you are expecting the destination airport to be busy, load more fuel!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>By preparing in advance, you will be able to make an informed decision and divert much more quickly!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-initiate-a-diversion">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-initiate-a-diversion"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Initiate a Diversion</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Make sure the alternate airport meets the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/diversion#considerations-for-a-diversion" class="documentation-content-link">considerations for a diversion</a></dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Communicate with ATC of your intention to divert by <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/descent-and-approach#pilot-to-radar-controller-communication-table" class="documentation-content-link">selecting a new service such as an approach request for the new airport</a> (or if you have been instructed to divert, follow the ATC instructions given)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Make sure you are ready to divert before communicating with ATC - if you need more time consider slowing down, or finding somewhere to hold</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>If ATC are able to provide vectors and altitude assignments, then follow these. If they are not, then select a suitable heading to take you in the general direction of the airport (monitor traffic to ensure separation is complied with at all times)</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Check terrain en-route and select a sensible altitude to ensure terrain clearance (if ATC have not assigned one)</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Monitor the airspace you are flying through in case you need to change to another active frequency</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>Once you are en-route, you can set up for the approach</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


Diversion

<section id="dme-arc">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#dme-arc"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> DME Arc</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-dme-arc%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-dme-arc%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a DME Arc?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Distance Measuring Equipment, abbreviated to DME; is most commonly used with a navigation aid (NAVAID) such as a VOR to provide distance to or from the beacon. A DME Arc is a curved route defined by a constant distance from one of these NAVAID's with the arc distance essentially a radius of the circle around the NAVAID.</p>
<p>DME Arcs are most commonly found on the Initial approach segment, leading aircraft from the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) onto the Final Approach Course where the Intermediate and Final approach segments can be commenced.</p>
<p>Around the arc will be a series of published radials from the NAVAID that are used to indicate the start of the arc, when further descent can be made, and when a turn can be commenced to intercept the Final Approach Course.</p>
<p>Below is an example of what a DME Arc looks like on a chart; in this particular case, it leads aircraft onto the Final Approach Course for RWY04R in Honolulu (PHNL) via the ALANA IAF:</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/phnl-chart.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/phnl-chart@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/phnl-chart@3x.jpg 3x" alt="PHNL Chart" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>PHNL Chart</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Horizontal Situation Indicator or HSI, is the primary instrument used for navigation in Infinite Flight. It consists of the following elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>Compass rose orientated with the current aircraft heading</li>
<li>Blue heading bug displaying the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot FCU</a> bugged heading</li>
<li>Single blue pointer to represent BRG (bearing) 1 - when tuned to a navigation source (ILS, VOR or NDB) it will point to the navigation aid</li>
<li>Double blue pointer to represent BRG (bearing) 2 - when tuned to a navigation source (ILS, VOR or NDB) it will point to the navigation aid</li>
<li>Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) made up of the Course Pointer and Lateral Deviation Bar - displayed in magenta for GPS, and light green for NAV 1 and NAV 2</li>
</ul>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements@3x.jpg 3x" alt="HSI Elements" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>HSI Elements</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="dme-arc-flying-technique">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#dme-arc-flying-technique"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> DME Arc Flying Technique</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To enter an arc, aircraft are normally required to follow a radial which means that they are approaching the arc at a 90 degree angle. A 90 degree turn will require anticipation, we recommend using 1% of your groundspeed as an indicator of when to turn unless the chart specifies a distance.</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>So if you are flying 180kts, you will need to start the turn at 1.8 miles to go!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p>Once established on the arc and to be able to follow the curved track keeping the DME distance the same, the aircraft heading would always need to be 90 degrees to the beacon (in nil wind conditions). However to fly this and match the radius of turn, the aircraft would need to adopt an angle of bank that varied continuously due to the effects of wind on the aircraft groundspeed. As this is impractical, the best technique is to break the arc up into a series of controlled heading changes instead, cutting slightly across the arc each time.</p>
<p>A predetermined heading change needs to be picked; 10 degrees is used in the example below but could be higher if you prefer! Once established on the arc (i.e. the correct distance from the beacon as published on the DME Arc, with a relative bearing of 90 degrees) a 10 degree turn can be made to 'cut-across' the arc. The bearing pointer will now read 5 degrees above the 90 degree line (actual relative bearing is 85 degrees) and the aircraft will begin to cut across the arc. As the aircraft approaches the arc again, the bearing pointer will begin to move until it has dropped 5 degrees below the 90 degree line (actual relative beading is now 95 degrees); at this point, another 10 degree cut-across can be made and the technique is repeated until the arc is complete.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/dme-arc.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/dme-arc@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/dme-arc@3x.jpg 3x" alt="DME Arc Flying Technique" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>DME Arc Flying Technique</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>In &quot;HSI 1&quot; above, you can see that the aircraft has made a 10 degree turn to begin cutting across the arc (the Bearing Pointer is now 5 degrees above the 90 degree relative bearing line). In &quot;HSI 2&quot;, the aircraft has now approached the end of the cut-across (the Bearing Pointer is now 5 degrees below the 90 degree relative bearing line). In &quot;HSI 3&quot;, the aircraft has now made another 10 degree turn to cut across the next segment of the arc (the Bearing Pointer is now 5 degrees above the 90 degree relative bearing line).</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>When each cut-across is made, the DME will start off by indicating the published arc distance. This will then slightly decrease as the aircraft 'cuts the corner', however this should begin to return to the published arc distance before the next turn is made</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</dl>
<p>If when approaching the 90 degree relative bearing line, the DME distance does not match the published arc distance, the following corrective action will need to be taken:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>DME Distance</th>
<th>Corrective Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Lower than the published arc distance</td>
<td>Maintain the heading for longer until the distance is reset before making your next cut-across turn</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Higher than the published arc distance</td>
<td>A larger cut-across turn will need to be made to re-establish on the arc</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="how-to-set-up-your-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-set-up-your-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Set Up your Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">Tune the NAVAID</a> by tapping the NAVAID from your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">Map</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a>, selecting the VOR/NDB from the list displayed, and then tap &quot;Set NAV 1 (or 2)&quot;</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-a-vor-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">Display the VOR</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-an-adf-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">NDB</a> by tapping &quot;NAV&quot; on the Fly Screen to show the Avionics tab, and ensure that either BRG 1 (or 2) have NAV 1 (or 2) or ADF displayed (dependent on which NAVAID you tuned)</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-fly-a-dme-arc">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-fly-a-dme-arc"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Fly a DME Arc</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Looking at the approach chart, establish which NAVAID is required, where the DME Arc starts/ends and what distance needs to be flown</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Set up your <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/dme-arc#what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F" class="documentation-content-link">Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)</a> to help fly the DME Arc. If you are intercepting the Final Approach Course of a Precision/Non-Precision approach at the end of the DME Arc, make sure to have this tuned too if you can</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Although not required, it can be handy to put some of the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#flight-plan" class="documentation-content-link">waypoints</a> or the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#selecting-departure%2C-arrival-and-approach-procedures" class="documentation-content-link">approach</a> itself into your Flight Plan to help you with position awareness</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Plan what speed you are going to fly the procedure at. When inbound to the entry point of the arc, use your groundspeed to gauge when to turn onto your first heading (we recommend 1% of your groundspeed, so if you are at 180kts GS, start the turn at 1.8nm to the arc)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>We recommend not flying a DME Arc any faster than 180kts IAS to help reduce your workload; however, dependant on the aircraft type you may fly at a different speed. In any case, make sure to comply with all altitude/speed restrictions!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>The initial heading on the arc should be one which puts the aircraft 90 degrees to the beacon, use the Bearing Pointer to help you</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Adjust your heading by 10 degrees to 'cut-across' the arc, the Bearing Pointer should show a relative bearing of 85 degrees to the beacon</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>Monitor the Bearing Pointer and as it approaches a relative bearing of 95 degrees, turn another 10 degrees to 'cut across' the arc again</dd>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>Make sure to continuously monitor the DME and ensure that this is roughly the same as the published DME distance, if it is different, <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/dme-arc#dme-arc-flying-technique" class="documentation-content-link">correction action could be required</a></dd>
<dt>Step 8</dt>
<dd>When you pass the final radial as indicated on the chart, continue the turn to intercept the Final Approach Course</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


DME Arc

<section id="instrument-landing-system-(ils)-approach">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#instrument-landing-system-(ils)-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Instrument Landing System (ILS) Approach</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-an-ils-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-an-ils-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is an ILS Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The ILS consists of two beams, the Localizer (LOC), providing lateral guidance (left/right) and the Glideslope (G/S) providing vertical guidance (up/down). The cone at the end of a runway provides a <strong>VISUAL AID</strong> for both pilots and Controllers of where the LOC and G/S are, however it is important to remember that the LOC and G/S are not confined to the cone. The LOC and G/S are independent radio ‘signals’ that are sent out, and thus continue to go out. Aircraft can receive these signals and therefore intercept them - both within the cone or outside of the cone.</p>
<p>To intercept the LOC of an ILS, Controllers will issue aircraft with an intercept heading which will be as close to 30 degrees as possible, offset from the runway designator <em>(see 6.10.3.1 below)</em>. If aircraft have an appropriate STAR and/or Instrument Approach, aircraft may be issued an ILS approach clearance at an appropriate position without an assigned heading or the standard 30 degree intercept.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-intercept-loc.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-intercept-loc@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-intercept-loc@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 6.10.3.1 - Intercepting the localizer" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 6.10.3.1 - Intercepting the localizer</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>To intercept the G/S of an ILS, Controllers will issue an altitude that is below the G/S path <em>(see 6.10.4.1 below).</em> The typical G/S follows a 3 degree flight path angle that guides the aircraft to the runway threshold. At 1nm the G/S altitude would be 300ft AAL (above aerodrome level); at 2nm, 600ft AAL and so on.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-intercept-gs.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-intercept-gs@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-intercept-gs@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 6.10.4.1 - Intercepting the glideslope" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 6.10.4.1 - Intercepting the glideslope</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-an-ils-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-an-ils-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly an ILS Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the ATIS/D-ATIS for runway(s) in use</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>It is common to be given vectors and/or altitude assignments during the approach, make sure to follow these - ATC instructions supersede your Flight Plan!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Tune to the ILS by following our step by step guide <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-an-ils" class="documentation-content-link">here</a></dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>If you are no longer following your flight plan or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#gps-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">GPS Navigation</a> is no longer required, you can display the ILS by following our step by step guide <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-an-ils-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">here</a></dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>If ATC is active, you will require a clearance to join the ILS Approach. This will either be in the form of joining from your STAR/Instrument Approach or with an intercept heading</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> and APPR mode, the aircraft will maintain the assigned heading and then automatically intercept the LOC and G/S. Make sure to only arm APPR mode once you have been cleared for the approach!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>To follow the LOC, ensure that the green Localizer Deviation Bar is inline with the green Course Select Pointer on your HSI. Once this is within 1 dot of lateral deviation, you are established - when no conflict exists, you will then be handed over to Tower from Radar (if ATC is active), do not change frequency without permission!</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>To follow the G/S, ensure that the green Glideslope Deviation Dot is inline with the central marker by the altitude on your HUD</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Do not descend on the G/S until you are established on the LOC!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>Continue to monitor both your LOC and G/S deviation and make the adjustments required to keep these centralized. At the appropriate point, based on speed control by ATC and the recommended profile for your aircraft type; continue to configure to meet the Stability Approach Criteria</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Stability Approach Criteria (SAC)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Stability Approach Criteria (SAC) is there to access if you have flown a stable approach, and whether to continue to land or go-around.</p>
<p>All approaches must meet the SAC by 1000ft AGL (above ground level). The SAC are:</p>
<ul>
<li>In the planned landing configuration</li>
<li>Stabilized on the correct vertical profile</li>
<li>Stabilized at the target approach speed</li>
</ul>
<p>If any of the SAC are not met, a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> must be flown.</p>
<p>Once your final configuration has been selected and you have decelerated to your target approach speed, we recommend remaining  within the following tolerances in order to access your stability:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Tolerance</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Speed</td>
<td>Target Approach Speed -5/+10 kts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vertical Speed</td>
<td>No more than 1000ft/min*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pitch</td>
<td>No more than -2.5 degrees nose down or +10 degrees nose up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bank</td>
<td>Angle not exceeding 7 degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Localizer/Glideslope</td>
<td>No more than 1 dot of lateral/vertical deviation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*<em>Environmental conditions such as a tailwind, or a steeper than usual flight path angle could increase the descent rate required to more than 1000ft/min</em></p>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Instrument Landing System (ILS) Approach

<section id="global-positioning-system-(gps)-approach">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#global-positioning-system-(gps)-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Global Positioning System (GPS) Approach</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-gps-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-gps-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a GPS Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Global Positioning System (GPS) Approach is defined by a series of waypoints and altitude restrictions that the pilot will follow to the runway threshold, free of conventional guidance such as a localizer/glideslope etc. The GPS Approach is a non-precision approach within Infinite Flight but is not commonly used as functionality is currently limited. The different types of GPS Approaches that you can select can be found <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#selecting-departure%2C-arrival-and-approach-procedures" class="documentation-content-link">here</a>.</p>
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/436445637" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-gps-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-gps-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a GPS Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the ATIS/D-ATIS for runway(s) in use</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>It is common to be given vectors and/or altitude assignments during the approach, make sure to follow these - ATC instructions supersede your Flight Plan!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Make sure that a GPS approach has been selected by following our step by step guide <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#selecting-departure%2C-arrival-and-approach-procedures" class="documentation-content-link">here</a></dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>If you have been vectored off of your flight plan, Radar Controllers will ensure that you are instructed to &quot;Continue as Filed&quot; before issuing a clearance for the approach. Utilize your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#gps-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">GPS Navigation</a> to follow your flight plan and approach</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> and using both <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#gps-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">LNAV</a> and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/vertical-navigation-(vnav)#vertical-navigation-(vnav)" class="documentation-content-link">VNAV</a> for navigation, the aircraft will automatically follow the approach</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>To follow the GPS Approach manually, ensure that the magenta Lateral Deviation Bar is inline with the magenta Course Select Pointer on your HSI. Once this is within 1 dot of lateral deviation, you are established - when no conflict exists, you will then be handed over to Tower from Radar (if ATC is active), do not change frequency without permission!</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>VNAV will only work up to the last altitude restriction in your flight plan. After this, you will need to take over manually!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>Continue to monitor both your lateral and vertical deviation and make the adjustments required to keep these centralized. At the appropriate point, based on speed control by ATC and the recommended profile for your aircraft type; continue to configure to meet the Stability Approach Criteria</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Stability Approach Criteria (SAC)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Stability Approach Criteria (SAC) is there to access if you have flown a stable approach, and whether to continue to land or go-around.</p>
<p>All approaches must meet the SAC by 1000ft AGL (above ground level). The SAC are:</p>
<ul>
<li>In the planned landing configuration</li>
<li>Stabilized on the correct vertical profile</li>
<li>Stabilized at the target approach speed</li>
</ul>
<p>If any of the SAC are not met, a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> must be flown.</p>
<p>Once your final configuration has been selected and you have decelerated to your target approach speed, we recommend remaining within the following tolerances in order to access your stability:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Tolerance</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Speed</td>
<td>Target Approach Speed -5/+10 kts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vertical Speed</td>
<td>No more than 1000ft/min*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pitch</td>
<td>No more than -2.5 degrees nose down or +10 degrees nose up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bank</td>
<td>Angle not exceeding 7 degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lateral Navigation</td>
<td>No more than 1 dot of lateral deviation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*<em>Environmental conditions such as a tailwind, or a steeper than usual flight path angle could increase the descent rate required to more than 1000ft/min</em></p>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Global Positioning System (GPS) Approach

<section id="vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-approach">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> VOR (VHF Omni-Directional Range) Approach</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-vor-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-vor-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a VOR Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>A VOR Approach is a non-precision approach providing lateral guidance only. The Final Approach Course (as published on the relevant approach chart) utilizes a radial from the VOR to provide this lateral guidance.</p>
<p>VOR Approaches can be flown in Infinite Flight using the techniques shown here, however ATC are currently unable to support these approach requests - for now, we recommend finding an uncontrolled airport or quiet area to practice in!</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make sure to check out our <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-navigation#vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">VOR Navigation</a> page to get to grips with the basics before flying a VOR Approach!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-vor-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-vor-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a VOR Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the weather to determine the best runway for arrival - once you have done this, check the approach chart for that runway, and if it has a VOR Approach, you can start to set up for this approach</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Ensure that you have <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">tuned</a> the required VOR(s) for the approach and changed the CRS(s) to the desired magnetic bearings(s) that you need to intercept</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>If you are no longer following your flight plan or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#gps-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">GPS Navigation</a> is no longer required, you can <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-a-vor-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">display</a> the required VOR(s) by setting &quot;SOURCE&quot; to either NAV 1 (or 2 as required)</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-navigation#how-to-navigate-using-a-vor" class="documentation-content-link">Intercept the desired magnetic bearing(s)</a> at the correct distance/altitude as per your chart and always think of the &quot;next event&quot; to stay ahead of the aircraft</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> and using Heading (or LNAV) and V/S to follow the profile instead of manual flying</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Continue to monitor both your lateral and vertical deviation and make the adjustments required to keep these centralized. At the appropriate point, based on speed control by ATC and the recommended profile for your aircraft type; continue to configure to meet the Stability Approach Criteria</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Stability Approach Criteria (SAC)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Stability Approach Criteria (SAC) is there to access if you have flown a stable approach, and whether to continue to land or go-around.</p>
<p>All approaches must meet the SAC by 1000ft AGL (above ground level). The SAC are:</p>
<ul>
<li>In the planned landing configuration</li>
<li>Stabilized on the correct vertical profile</li>
<li>Stabilized at the target approach speed</li>
</ul>
<p>If any of the SAC are not met, a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> must be flown.</p>
<p>Once your final configuration has been selected and you have decelerated to your target approach speed, we recommend remaining  within the following tolerances in order to access your stability:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Tolerance</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Speed</td>
<td>Target Approach Speed -5/+10 kts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vertical Speed</td>
<td>No more than 1000ft/min*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pitch</td>
<td>No more than -2.5 degrees nose down or +10 degrees nose up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bank</td>
<td>Angle not exceeding 7 degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lateral Navigation</td>
<td>No more than 1 dot of lateral deviation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*<em>Environmental conditions such as a tailwind, or a steeper than usual flight path angle could increase the descent rate required to more than 1000ft/min</em></p>
</section>
</section>


VOR (VHF Omni-Directional Range) Approach

<section id="ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-approach">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) Approach</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-an-ndb-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-an-ndb-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is an NDB Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>An NDB Approach is a non-precision approach providing lateral guidance only. The Final Approach Course (as published on the relevant approach chart) utilizes a radial from the NDB to provide this lateral guidance.</p>
<p>NDB Approaches can be flown in Infinite Flight using the techniques shown here, however ATC are currently unable to support these approach requests - for now, we recommend finding an uncontrolled airport or quiet area to practice in!</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make sure to check out our <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-navigation#ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">NDB Navigation</a> page to get to grips with the basics before flying an NDB Approach!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-an-ndb-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-an-ndb-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly an NDB Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the weather to determine the best runway for arrival - once you have done this, check the approach chart for that runway, and if it has an NDB Approach, you can start to set up for this approach</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Ensure that you have <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">tuned</a> the required NDB for the approach and display it by setting &quot;BRG 1 (or 2)&quot; to ADF</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-navigation#how-to-navigate-using-an-ndb" class="documentation-content-link">Intercept the radials</a> at the correct distance/altitude as per your chart and always think of the &quot;next event&quot; to stay ahead of the aircraft</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> and using Heading and V/S to follow the profile instead of manual flying</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Continue to monitor both your lateral and vertical deviation and make the adjustments required to keep these centralized. At the appropriate point, based on speed control by ATC and the recommended profile for your aircraft type; continue to configure to meet the Stability Approach Criteria</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Stability Approach Criteria (SAC)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Stability Approach Criteria (SAC) is there to access if you have flown a stable approach, and whether to continue to land or go-around.</p>
<p>All approaches must meet the SAC by 1000ft AGL (above ground level). The SAC are:</p>
<ul>
<li>In the planned landing configuration</li>
<li>Stabilized on the correct vertical profile</li>
<li>Stabilized at the target approach speed</li>
</ul>
<p>If any of the SAC are not met, a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> must be flown.</p>
<p>Once your final configuration has been selected and you have decelerated to your target approach speed, we recommend remaining  within the following tolerances in order to access your stability:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Tolerance</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Speed</td>
<td>Target Approach Speed -5/+10 kts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vertical Speed</td>
<td>No more than 1000ft/min*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pitch</td>
<td>No more than -2.5 degrees nose down or +10 degrees nose up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bank</td>
<td>Angle not exceeding 7 degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lateral Navigation</td>
<td>No more than 1 dot of lateral deviation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*<em>Environmental conditions such as a tailwind, or a steeper than usual flight path angle could increase the descent rate required to more than 1000ft/min</em></p>
</section>
</section>


NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) Approach

<section id="visual-approach">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#visual-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Visual Approach</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-visual-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-visual-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a Visual Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>A visual approach is an approach to a runway conducted under <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/instrument-flight-rules-(ifr)-en-route-navigation#instrument-flight-rules-(ifr)-en-route-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">IFR</a> but where the pilot proceeds by visual reference when cleared to do so. This means that the pilot must be visual before the Controller can clear the aircraft for the visual approach.</p>
<p>There are multiple ways in which a visual approach can be given to the pilot but generally speaking, and terrain permitting; Radar Controllers will position the pilot in a recognizable position such as downwind, base, or even straight in. The pilot will then be asked to &quot;report the airfield in sight&quot;, and once this has been confirmed the pilot will be cleared for the approach and handed over to Tower/Unicom as appropriate.</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>For a realistic experience why not try and find the approach plate for the airport you intend on flying into and give it a go?</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-visual-approach%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-visual-approach%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a Visual Approach?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the ATIS/D-ATIS for runway(s) in use</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>It is common to be given vectors and/or altitude assignments during the approach, make sure to follow these - ATC instructions supersede your Flight Plan!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>When contacting the Radar Controller, request the Visual approach for the runway in use</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Traffic permitting this will be granted but be prepared for a different approach in case they can't accommodate it!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>The Radar Controller will issue vectors and/or altitude assignments to get you into position and then ask for you to 'report the airport in site' - use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you locate the airport</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a>!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Once you're visual, let the Radar Controller know and they will clear you for the approach. Once cleared, you can continue flying visually to the runway threshold for landing and will be handed over to Tower/Unicom when appropriate</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>Continue to monitor both your lateral and vertical profile and make adjustments as required. At the appropriate point, based on speed control by ATC and the recommended profile for your aircraft type; continue to configure to meet the Stability Approach Criteria</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-stability-approach-criteria-(sac)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Stability Approach Criteria (SAC)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Stability Approach Criteria (SAC) is there to access if you have flown a stable approach, and whether to continue to land or go-around.</p>
<p>All approaches must meet the SAC by 1000ft AGL (above ground level). The SAC are:</p>
<ul>
<li>In the planned landing configuration</li>
<li>Stabilized on the correct vertical profile</li>
<li>Stabilized at the target approach speed</li>
</ul>
<p>If any of the SAC are not met, a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> must be flown.</p>
<p>Once your final configuration has been selected and you have decelerated to your target approach speed, we recommend remaining within the following tolerances in order to access your stability:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Tolerance</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Speed</td>
<td>Target Approach Speed -5/+10 kts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vertical Speed</td>
<td>No more than 1000ft/min*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pitch</td>
<td>No more than -2.5 degrees nose down or +10 degrees nose up</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bank</td>
<td>Angle not exceeding 7 degrees (once aligned** with the extended centerline)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*<em>Environmental conditions such as a tailwind, or a steeper than usual flight path angle could increase the descent rate required to more than 1000ft/min</em></p>
<p>**<em>Some airports may require low level turns to align with the runway</em></p>
</section>
</section>


Visual Approach

<section id="pattern-entries">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#pattern-entries"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Pattern Entries</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="types-of-pattern-entries">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#types-of-pattern-entries"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Types of Pattern Entries</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>There are numerous ways to enter the traffic pattern, however ATC instructions (if present) for pattern entry will always supersede these.</p>
<p>The most common technique (if you are on the side of the traffic pattern), is to enter at a 45 degee angle to the downwind leg, headed toward a point abeam the midpoint of the runway to be used for landing.</p>
<p>If you are on the opposite side of the traffic pattern then there are a couple of options available, these are:</p>
<ul>
<li>cross over midfield at least 500 feet above pattern altitude (1500ft or 2000ft AAL depending on what aircraft types are in the pattern). When clear of the pattern, scan carefully for traffic, descend to pattern altitude and then turn right to enter at 45 degrees to the downwind leg at midfield like the method outlined above</li>
<li>or enter on a midfield crosswind at pattern altitude, carefully scan for traffic and then turn downwind (we recommend not using this technique if the traffic pattern is busy)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-enter-the-traffic-pattern">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-enter-the-traffic-pattern"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to enter the Traffic Pattern</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>En-route to your destination, check the ATIS/D-ATIS for runway(s) in use and if pattern work is being accepted at this time</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If pattern work is currently not allowed, you can still join for a landing or touch &amp; go, however you will not be able to continue with further patterns following this</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>If ATC is active, call inbound and announce your intentions, the Tower Controller will issue you with a pattern entry instruction. If it is Unicom, you can request traffic advisories</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If no ATC is present, it is the pilots responsibility to determine runway(s) in use, traffic pattern direction and to show courtesy towards other traffic already in the pattern. Always check your surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>The traffic pattern is normally entered at a 45 degree angle to the downwind leg, headed toward a point abeam the midpoint of the runway to be used for landing (however you may also be instructed to enter base or straight in if ATC is present)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-traffic-pattern.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-traffic-pattern@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-traffic-pattern@3x.jpg 3x" alt="The Traffic Pattern" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>The Traffic Pattern</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>Always enter the traffic pattern at the correct altitude. In Infinite Flight the pattern altitude is 1000ft AAL (above aerodrome level) for prop aircraft, and 1500ft AAL for jet aircraft</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Remember to give way to aircraft already established in the pattern (or follow the sequencing given by ATC if different). In either case, always announce your intentions, monitor the other traffic and adjust your speed to fit into the traffic pattern</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="departing-the-traffic-pattern">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#departing-the-traffic-pattern"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Departing the Traffic Pattern</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>If departing the traffic pattern, the pilot should continue beyond the departure end, climbing to the pattern altitude (or higher) before either:</p>
<ul>
<li>continuing straight out</li>
<li>exiting with a 45 degree turn (to the left when in a left-hand traffic pattern; to the right when in a right-hand traffic pattern)</li>
<li>or following your flight plan</li>
</ul>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make sure to always tell ATC (if present) what you are doing. If you have been told to climb straight ahead to a certain altitude, make sure you are at or above this and that it is completly clear of other traffic before making any turn!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


Pattern Entries

<section id="landing">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Landing</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-safe-landing%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-safe-landing%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a safe Landing?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>For a safe landing to be assured, the following criteria must always be met:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Criteria</th>
<th>Why</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Landing Performance</td>
<td>This is to ensure that the Landing Distance Available (LDA) is a suitable length for the aircraft type</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stable Approach</td>
<td>The Stable Approach Criteria (SAC) must always be met on an approach</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Safe Touchdown</td>
<td>This is to ensure normal runway contact - within the aircraft limits, touchdown zone and runway edge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Safe Rollout</td>
<td>Aircraft decelerates in a manner which assures a safe stop prior to the runway end</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="flare-height">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#flare-height"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Flare Height</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The height at which the flare is initiated can vary significantly, the following factors should always be taken into account when determining the correct height:</p>
<ul>
<li>Aircraft type</li>
<li>Aircraft weight</li>
<li>Airport elevation</li>
<li>Steeper approach slope (compared to the nominal 3 degrees)</li>
<li>Tailwind</li>
<li>Runway slope</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="type-of-landing">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#type-of-landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Type of Landing</h2>
<section class="reference">
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Definition</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Full Stop</td>
<td>A normal landing which ends with the aircraft exiting the runway</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Touch &amp; Go</td>
<td>A normal landing followed by a take-off, without coming to a full stop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stop &amp; Go</td>
<td>A normal landing coming to a full stop, followed by a take-off from that position</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Low Approach</td>
<td>A <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> maneuver following an approach</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="landing-technique">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#landing-technique"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Landing Technique</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Once you have clearance (if applicable) and the runway is completely clear, you can follow the steps below to land:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Prior to the flare, avoid destabilization of the approach - look to the end of the runway to help you judge the flare height</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>At the appropriate height for that aircraft and the environmental conditions, perform the flare maneuver and reduce power to idle</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Hold the selected landing attitude until touchdown</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>We recommend you do not continue to pull back to elongate the flare in an attempt for a smooth touchdown; this increases the risk of not achieving the safe touchdown criteria, and also a tail strike is more likely!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>If at any time, a safe landing is not assured, perform a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">go-around</a> or <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#what-is-the-difference-between-a-go-around-and-a-baulked-landing%3F" class="documentation-content-link">baulked landing</a> procedure.</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="rollout-and-runway-exit-(full-stop)">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#rollout-and-runway-exit-(full-stop)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Rollout and Runway Exit (Full Stop)</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>On touchdown, select reverse (if fitted), ensure that the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">spoilers</a> have deployed (if fitted) and monitor the deceleration of the aircraft</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> to maintain the runway centerline. As speed decreases, so does the aerodynamic affect of the rudder, more input will be required at slower speeds</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Modulate your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">braking</a> and use of reverse (if fitted) to exit the runway expeditiously, but in a controlled manner. You should always plan in advance your exit strategy, but be flexible; the aircraft may decelerate faster or slower than you were expecting</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Rapid Exit Taxiways (RETs) have design exit speeds which can be very high - however due to the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/violations#what-are-violations%3F" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Overspeed Level 1 Violation</a>, we recommend you do not exceed 35kts whilst exiting the runway. For exits that are 90 degree turns, your groundspeed should be under 10kts</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>There are some airports which may require a back-taxi to exit the runway. Check out our <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/back-taxi#back-taxi" class="documentation-content-link">Back-Taxi</a> page for a step by step guide</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>When exiting the runway, keep moving until the aircraft is completely past the hold short line to ensure that the runway is clear for the next departure/arrival. You should always avoid coming to a complete stop and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/landing-and-taxi-to-parking#taxi-to-parking-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">try communicate with ATC</a> (if present) whilst on the move to avoid a traffic jam behind you!</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-perform-a-touch-%26-go">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-perform-a-touch-%26-go"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to perform a Touch &amp; Go</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Once you have clearance (if applicable) and the runway is completely clear, you can follow the below steps to land:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>On touchdown, ensure that the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">spoilers</a> have deployed (if fitted) and monitor the deceleration of the aircraft - do not select reverse (if fitted)</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> to maintain the runway centerline. As speed decreases, so does the aerodynamic affect of the rudder, more input will be required at slower speeds</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>Retract <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">flaps</a> to a take-off setting and select <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">spoilers</a> to <strong>OFF</strong></p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>Once they are set, increase thrust to take-off power and proceed with a normal <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/take-off-and-initial-climb#take-off-and-initial-climb" class="documentation-content-link">take-off</a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>For a Stop &amp; Go, follow the same steps as above however, come to a complete stop before commencing the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/take-off-and-initial-climb#take-off-and-initial-climb" class="documentation-content-link">take-off</a> roll</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-perform-a-low-approach">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-perform-a-low-approach"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to perform a Low Approach</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To perform a low approach, follow the same steps as a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/go-around-baulked-landing#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing" class="documentation-content-link">Go-Around</a> procedure.</p>
</section>
</section>


Landing

<section id="crosswind%2Ftailwind-landing">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#crosswind%2Ftailwind-landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Crosswind/Tailwind Landing</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="crosswind-landing">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#crosswind-landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Crosswind Landing</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>There are two techniques that can be used in a crosswind landing. The &quot;Crab&quot; method which is usually preferred by airliners; and the &quot;Wing Low&quot; method, usually the technique of choice for light General Aviation aircraft.</p>
<p><strong>Crab Technique</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Utilize the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/flight-planning#atis" class="documentation-content-link">ATIS</a> and other weather information to determine the direction of the wind and crosswind component. Before commencement of the approach, be sure to know which direction the wind is coming from</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>To perform a crosswind landing using the crab method, offset the aircraft heading (i.e. nose into wind) so that the aircraft is tracking the runway centerline (if the wind is coming from the right, you will need to have the aircraft nose pointing to the right of the runway)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Use the Flight Path Vector (the green circle displayed on the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/hud#head-up-display-(hud)" class="documentation-content-link">HUD</a> when airborne), commonly referred to as 'The Bird', to help you. If the FPV is placed on the runway centerline, your aircraft will be tracking it</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>After the flare, and just before touchdown; gently use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> to align the aircraft nose with the runway centerline</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>In strong crosswinds, you may need to simultaneously lower the 'into wind' wing to maintain the centerline until touchdown (if the wind is coming from the right, tilt your device to the right so that the right <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">aileron</a> is up, and the left aileron is down)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>For independent control of your ailerons and rudder, make sure that auto-coordination is turned <strong>OFF</strong> in your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#settings" class="documentation-content-link">Settings</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> to maintain the runway centerline. As speed decreases, so does the aerodynamic affect of the rudder, more input will be required at slower speeds</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>Wing Low Technique</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Utilize the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/flight-planning#atis" class="documentation-content-link">ATIS</a> and other weather information to determine the direction of the wind and crosswind component. Before commencement of the approach, be sure to know which direction the wind is coming from</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>To perform a crosswind landing using the wing low method, lower the 'into wind' wing (so if the wind is coming from the right, tilt your device to the right so that the right <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">aileron</a> is up, and the left aileron is down). Simultaneously, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> to keep the aircraft nose aligned with the runway centerline</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>For independent control of your ailerons and rudder, make sure that auto-coordination is turned <strong>OFF</strong> in your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#settings" class="documentation-content-link">Settings</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>During the flare, airspeed will decrease, and therefore so will the aerodynamic affect of the flight controls. More <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">aileron</a> input will be required</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>During the touchdown, and just before the nose gear is lowered; you may need to relax the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> inputs to prevent the aircraft from veering off in the direction of the increased rudder deflection used during the flare</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">rudder</a> and &quot;into wind&quot; <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">aileron</a> to maintain the runway centerline - more input will be required at slower speeds</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="tailwind-landing">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#tailwind-landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Tailwind Landing</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Where possible you should always try to land into wind, so try and pick the runway with the best headwind component. However, if an airport is busy, or if the weather means that there is no favorable runway, you may find that you have to land with a tailwind.  The landing is very similar to a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/landing#landing" class="documentation-content-link">normal</a> or <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/crosswind-tailwind-landing#crosswind-landing" class="documentation-content-link">crosswind landing</a>, but we have three extra tips to help you do this successfully:</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>The flare height may need to be slightly higher than normal to account for the higher groundspeed</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>We recommend that you do not land if the tailwind component exceeds 10kts</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Be more cautious during the flare and avoid 'floating' down the runway, a tail strike is more likely with a tailwind</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>


Crosswind/Tailwind Landing

<section id="go-around%2Fbaulked-landing">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#go-around%2Fbaulked-landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Go-Around/Baulked Landing</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/411493331" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="what-is-a-go-around%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-go-around%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a Go-Around?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>A Go-Around (G/A) is an aborted landing by an aircraft on final approach and can either be initiated by the pilot or ATC.</p>
<p>Possible reasons to Go-Around can include:</p>
<ul>
<li>An unstable approach (both pilot induced or due to environmental factors)</li>
<li>Landing/intersecting runway blocked by another aircraft</li>
<li>Or loss of separation with the aircraft ahead</li>
</ul>
<p>It is important to note that the responsibility for a go-around lies equally with the pilot and the controller, if ATC is present. Therefore if you're not happy with your final approach, the conditions, or a potential loss of separation, anticipate a go-around and then promptly initiate it if required.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-perform-a-go-around">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-perform-a-go-around"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to perform a Go-Around</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To perform a Go-Around, following the steps below, take note that step 1 to 3 are normally commenced simultaneously:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Set Take-Off/Go-Around (TOGA) thrust</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>TOGA thrust can vary significantly with weight, altitude and temperature all playing a part. If you're light and at sea level, you might not need more than 90% N1; if you're heavy and at 5000ft above sea level, you may need all the power you can get!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Retract flaps to a take-off setting</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pitch for 15 degrees nose up</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Once you have stabilized the climb, monitor your speed and then adjust pitch to maintain. Your target speed is either VAPP (Final Approach Speed) or the speed at which you initiated a Go-Around, whichever is higher</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>Positive Climb? Gear Up!</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>
<p>Initially maintain runway heading unless you have been instructed to fly a particular heading</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>You should always fly to the end of the departure runway before turning, unless you have been instructed to fly a heading by ATC. You may need to offset and fly on one side of the runway if another aircraft is currently on the take-off roll</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>
<p>Tell ATC you are initiating a Go-Around or acknowledge the instruction to Go-Around</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Always <strong>AVIATE</strong> - <strong>NAVIGATE</strong> - <strong>COMMUNICATE</strong>, and in that order! If ATC are present they will know that you won't respond straight away, so concentrate on the flying first, then navigate and communicate</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-difference-between-a-go-around-and-a-baulked-landing%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-difference-between-a-go-around-and-a-baulked-landing%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the difference between a Go-Around and a Baulked Landing?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Until you select reverse thrust, it is never too late to initiate a Go-Around, even if you have already touched down! A Go-Around is often referred to as a Baulked Landing when you are very close to the ground and touchdown is likely during the process of a Go-Around.</p>
<p>For a Baulked Landing follow the same step by step guide as a Go-Around, with the one exception that you should delay setting take-off flaps until you are climbing away from the runway.</p>
</section>
</section>


Go-Around/Baulked Landing

<section id="taxi-to-parking-and-shutdown">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#taxi-to-parking-and-shutdown"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Taxi to Parking and Shutdown</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="taxi-to-parking">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#taxi-to-parking"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Taxi to Parking</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Once you have exited the runway, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>LIGHTS</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Strobes</td>
<td><strong>OFF</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Land</td>
<td><strong>OFF</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Provided you have clearance to do so, switch to the Ground frequency and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/landing-and-taxi-to-parking#taxi-to-parking-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">request taxi to parking</a>, or if there is no active ATC, announce taxi on the Unicom frequency – listen out whilst you’re on the move for other traffic</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>When you exit the runway, do not stop and keep moving unless this would cause a collision! You have the right of way and you may cause a conflict with traffic taking-off/landing behind you if you do stop</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Retract <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">flaps</a> and select <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">spoilers</a> to <strong>OFF</strong>. Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Electrical</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>APU*</td>
<td><strong>START</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*If fitted – not all aircraft are currently equipped with an APU</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Continue to check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>We recommend you do not exceed 40% N1 whilst taxiing, and once you’ve started to move, you typically don’t need more than idle power!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rudder</a> to maintain the taxiway centerline and either the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rud Brakes or Park Brake</a> to keep your speed under control</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Do not exceed 35kts groundspeed to avoid in game violations, we recommend you keep your speed below 25kts in a straight line and 10kts or less during 90° turns for a safe operation</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>If you need to cross a runway whilst taxiing, make sure to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/atis-pushback-and-taxi#pilot-to-ground-controller-communication-table" class="documentation-content-link">request runway crossing</a> with the active ATC, or if there is no active ATC, announce crossing on the Unicom frequency – always check it’s clear before you enter the runway! Don’t forget to access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Lights</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Strobes</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Land</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Once you’re clear of the runway, you can turn these lights back to <strong>OFF</strong>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="shutdown">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#shutdown"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Shutdown</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Make sure that the stand or parking spot that you intend on parking at is big enough for your aircraft type, you can use online tools in advance to help you</dd>
</dl>
<blockquote>
<p>If the gate has <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/stand-guidance" class="documentation-content-link">stand guidance</a>, it will tell you if the aircraft is too small/large for that stand</p>
</blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rudder</a> to maintain the taxiway centerline and either the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rud Brakes or Park Brake</a> to keep your speed under control</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Reduce groundspeed to under 10kts and use the oversteer technique if you are a large aircraft to align your aircraft with the centerline as you turn onto the stand or parking spot</dd>
</dl>
<blockquote>
<p>If the gate has <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/stand-guidance" class="documentation-content-link">stand-guidance</a>, follow the on screen instructions</p>
</blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Once you have reached the parking position, set the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Park Brake</a>. Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Engines</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Eng ‘X’ 'X'% N1</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Lights</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Beacon</td>
<td><strong>OFF</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Passengers</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Seat Belts</td>
<td><strong>OFF</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/ground-services" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Services</a> menu and select the following services:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Ground</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>PAX</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CATERING</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CARGO</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GND POWER</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>For ground services to be used the aircraft must be parked at a stand that is large enough for that aircraft type, the parking brake set and the engines and beacon set to off</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Taxi to Parking and Shutdown

<section id="on-the-ground">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#on-the-ground"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> On The Ground</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/411494452" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<p>Ground operations are an important aspect of any flight, but we know you're here to fly. First, however, we need to get you to the runway - this section covers flight planning, pushback &amp; engine start, and taxi procedures. Let's get going!</p>
</section>
</section>


<section id="flight-planning">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#flight-planning"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Flight Planning</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/421199522" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="weight-%26-balance">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#weight-%26-balance"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Weight &amp; Balance</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Once you have spawned at the gate, tap on the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/fly-screen" class="documentation-content-link">Pause Screen</a> button to access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/pause-menu#weight-%26-balance" class="documentation-content-link">Weight &amp; Balance</a> page where you can adjust your fuel, passenger load, and cargo load.</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make sure you carry enough fuel to take into account of exceptional circumstances such as stronger headwinds and traffic delays</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="atis">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#atis"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> ATIS</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Automatic Terminal Information Service, more commonly known as ATIS, will send the latest airport information (if ATC is present) on a dedicated frequency provided you are within range. It will normally include:</p>
<ul>
<li>The latest METAR*</li>
<li>Runway(s) in use</li>
<li>REMARKS and/or NOTAMS to provide pilots with more information (e.g. &quot;No Pattern Work Allowed&quot;)</li>
<li>And if there are multiple frequencies open, which one to contact</li>
</ul>
<p>*<em>The Meteorological Terminal Air Report (more commonly known as a METAR), is the current weather at the airport and usually displays date/time recorded, wind direction and strength, visibility, weather and cloud, temperature and dew point, and finally pressure</em></p>
<p>The Digital ATIS (D-ATIS) will display the same information as the ATIS, but in text format. To find the D-ATIS, follow the steps below:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>By <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#getting-more-from-your-map-and-mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">tapping close to your chosen airport</a> on the map, a drop down list will appear where you can select the airport</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>The information tab will be displayed initially, tap the &quot;wx&quot; (weather) tab</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>Provided ATC is present at the selected airport (and using the ATIS frequency), the D-ATIS will display this information</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Range for the D-ATIS is unlimited; use this to help with planning before tuning to an active frequency</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p>Want to know what everything in the ATIS means? Visit our <a href="/guide/atc-manual/4.-atis/4.1-overview" class="documentation-content-link">ATC Manual</a> to find out!</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="autopilot-(ap)-setup">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#autopilot-(ap)-setup"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Autopilot (AP) Setup</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Before departure, your Autopilot should be set up with initial &quot;targets&quot;, to do this follow the steps below:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Open the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> FCU (Flight Control Unit) by tapping &quot;AP OFF&quot; on the right of the screen</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Change the &quot;SPD&quot; (speed) button to select your target climb speed for after take-off (should be V2)</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Change the &quot;ALT&quot; (altitude) button to select your desired target stop altitude after departure (usually the stop altitude for the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/standard-instrument-departure-(sid)-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">SID</a> you plan on flying)</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>You should then see these targets on the PFD and HUD</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="flight-plan">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#flight-plan"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Flight Plan</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/flight-planning-map.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/flight-planning-map@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/flight-planning-map@3x.png 3x" alt="Map Screen" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Map Screen</figcaption>
        </figure>
      
Once you have spawned at the gate, you can access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#flight-planning" class="documentation-content-link">Flight Planning</a> page by tapping on the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/fly-screen" class="documentation-content-link">Globe</a> button. This will allow you to build your flight plan (you can also use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to make adjustments).</p>
<p><a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/standard-instrument-departure-(sid)-navigation" class="documentation-content-link button ui">SIDs</a></p>
<p><a href="https://infiniteflight.com/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/standard-terminal-arrival-route-(star)-navigation" class="documentation-content-link button ui">STARs</a></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="airspace">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#airspace"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Airspace</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The different types of airspace are defined on the Map and Mini Map using a color code. These are shown in the following table:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Airspace Type</th>
<th>Color Code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Class B</td>
<td>Blue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class C</td>
<td>Magenta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class D</td>
<td>Light Blue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Terminal Control Area</td>
<td>Light Green</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Flight Information Region (FIR)</td>
<td>White</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Pilots that want to add realism to their flight may wish to follow real world procedures, but for the purposes of Infinite Flight, the use of airspace by ATC has been simplified. For more information on what you can expect from ATC when flying, visit the <a href="/guide/atc-manual/5.-airspace/5.1-airspace#5.1-airspace" class="documentation-content-link">ATC Manual</a>.</p>
</section>
</section>


Flight Planning

<section id="tfrs-and-notams">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#tfrs-and-notams"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> TFRs and NOTAMs</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-are-tfrs-and-notams%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-are-tfrs-and-notams%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What are TFRs and NOTAMs?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tfr.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tfr@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tfr@3x.png 3x" alt="KASE and KEGE Active TFRs" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>KASE and KEGE Active TFRs</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>A Temporary Flight Restriction, referred to as a TFR, is a block of airspace that has had restrictions put in place. In real life this could be due to numerous factors such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>movement of government officials</li>
<li>natural disasters</li>
<li>or other special events</li>
</ul>
<p>A NOTAM (or Notice to Airmen), is a notice that has been put in place to ensure pilots are aware of potential hazards along their route, this can include at their departure, destination and/or alternate(s).</p>
<p>Within Infinite Flight, TFRs/NOTAMs can be found on the Expert Server and are depicted by red/orange circles (which can vary in size). They are used for airports that have permanent restrictions or temporarily for special events. The different colors and their meaning is shown below:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Color</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Red</td>
<td>Active</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Orange</td>
<td>Inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tfr-2.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tfr-2@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tfr-2@3x.png 3x" alt="Inactive TFRs/NOTAMs" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Inactive TFRs/NOTAMs</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="where-are-current-tfrs%2Fnotams-in-infinite-flight%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#where-are-current-tfrs%2Fnotams-in-infinite-flight%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Where are current TFRs/NOTAMs in Infinite Flight?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>TFRs/NOTAMs added on a temporary basis may not be listed below however any TFR/NOTAM that is shown as active (red circle) must be complied with!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p>The following list shows all permanent NOTAMs in place within Infinite Flight:</p>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>CYTZ (Toronto City Billy Bishop)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than Dash-8 Q400 not authorized. Jet traffic not authorized. Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>EGKK (London Gatwick)</summary><p>RWY 08L/26R CLOSED. RWY08L/26R to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>EGLC (London City)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than A318 not authorized (A223, E-Jets and C130s are allowed). Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>KASE (Aspen-Pitkin Co Sardy)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than CRJ-900 not authorized (including A320/B737 series). Larger aircraft MUST divert. Special Airport Procedures in Effect due terrain - RWY33 for departure ONLY, after departure, immediately turn right 10 degrees. RWY15 for arrivals ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>KEGE (Eagle County Regional)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than A321/B757 not authorized. Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>KLGA (La Guardia)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than A321/B757 not authorized. Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>LTBJ (Izmir Adnan Menderes Intl)</summary><p>RWY 16R/34L CLOSED. RWY16R/34L to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>MHTG (Toncontin Intl)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than A321/B757 not authorized. Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>NZQN (Queenstown)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than A321/B757 not authorized. Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>OBBI (Bahrain Intl)</summary><p>RWY 12R/30L CLOSED. RWY 12R/30L to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>OOMS (Muscat Intl)</summary><p>RWY 08R/26L CLOSED. RWY08R/26L to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>OPIS (Islamabad)</summary><p>RWY 10L/28R CLOSED. RWY 10L/28R to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>SBRJ (Santos Dumont)</summary><p>Aircraft larger than A321/B757 not authorized. Larger aircraft MUST divert.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>SBRJ (Santos Dumont)</summary><p>RWY 02L/20R CLOSED. RWY 02L/20R to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>UAAA (Almaty Intl)</summary><p>RWY 05L/23R CLOSED. RWY 05L/23R to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>VNLK (Tenzing-Hillary/Lukla)</summary><p>General Aviation aircraft ONLY. All other aircraft MUST divert. No pattern work allowed.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details>
<summary><span class="details-marker">&nbsp;</span>VOHS (Rajiv Gandhi Intl)</summary><p>RWY 09L/27R CLOSED. RWY 09L/27R to be used as taxiway ONLY.</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameters</th>
<th>Restrictions</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type</td>
<td>NOTAM</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Status</td>
<td>ACTIVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Floor</td>
<td>SFC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling</td>
<td>10,000ft</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-comply-with-tfrs%2Fnotams">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-comply-with-tfrs%2Fnotams"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to comply with TFRs/NOTAMs</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To avoid violations being issued due to not complying with active TFRs/NOTAMs, the following steps are recommended:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Once you have filed your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#flight-planning" class="documentation-content-link">flight plan</a> (if applicable), check the route on your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">map</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">mini map</a> for any red/orange circles</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>If you will be passing through/coming close to any of these TFRs/NOTAMs, or your destination(s) have TFRs/NOTAMs, then tap on (or close to) the circle on your map/mini map</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Select the TFR/NOTAM from the dropdown list</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>The information associated with that TFR/NOTAM will be displayed, check to see if it is active, or will be active when you are flying near to it</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Once TFRs/NOTAMs become active, all aircraft must comply with them, regardless of when your flight was started</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>If it is or will be active, and you will be flying through it (i.e. within the floor to ceiling range), then ensure that you fully comply with the TFR/NOTAM before departure</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If you are outside of the radius or altitude of the active TFR/NOTAM, then the TFR/NOTAM does not apply to you (e.g. if the TFR/NOTAM has a ceiling of 10,000ft and you are higher than this, you can ignore the TFR/NOTAM)</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>If you are unable to comply with the TFR/NOTAM, then change your routing, altitude and/or destination as appropriate to avoid being <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/violation-reasons#failure-to-follow-tfr" class="documentation-content-link">issued with a violation</a></dd>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>We also recommend checking the <a href="https://community.infiniteflight.com" class="documentation-content-link">IFC</a> for upcoming events that may have temporary TFRs/NOTAMs added, as these may not be displayed on your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">map</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">mini map</a> yet</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


TFRs and NOTAMs

<section id="pushback-and-engine-start">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#pushback-and-engine-start"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Pushback and Engine Start</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="preliminary-cockpit-preparation">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#preliminary-cockpit-preparation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Preliminary Cockpit Preparation</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>After spawning, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/ground-services" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Services</a> menu and select the following service (if available for that aircraft type):</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Ground</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>GND POWER</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Then access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Electrical</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Master Batt</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>APU*</td>
<td><strong>START</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*If fitted – not all aircraft are currently equipped with an APU</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Lights</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Nav</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Passengers</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Seat Belts*</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>No Smoking</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*When you have finished refuelling</p>
<p>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/ground-services" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Services</a> menu and select the following services:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Ground</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>PAX</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CATERING</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CARGO</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>For ground services to be used the aircraft must be parked at a stand that is large enough for that aircraft type, the parking brake set and the engines and beacon set to off</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
</section>
<section id="pushback">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#pushback"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Pushback</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you. If ground services have been used, these must be deselected before pushback</dd>
</dl>
<blockquote>
<p>Make sure to have the APU running (if fitted) before disconnecting the ground power</p>
</blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/ground-services" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Services</a> menu and deselect the following services if they have been selected (they will be highlighted in orange if they have been selected):</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Ground</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>PAX</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CATERING</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CARGO</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GND POWER</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>The ground services can be disconnected in any order and is usually done when that ground service has completed their assigned tasks as decided by the pilot</p>
</blockquote>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Pushback</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Attach Tug</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Tune to the active frequency and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/atis-pushback-and-taxi#pushback-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">request pushback</a>, or if there is no active ATC, tune to the Unicom frequency – listen for traffic before starting your pushback</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Lights</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Beacon</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/ground-services" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Services</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Pushback</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Push</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>Your parking brake must be set to <strong>OFF</strong> before you can push</p>
</blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>Make sure to have a plan on where to push. ATC may tell you what runway to expect for departure too. Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> throughout the pushback and the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rudder</a> for directional control</dd>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>When you’re ready to stop the pushback, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/ground-services" class="documentation-content-link">Ground Services</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Pushback</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Push</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Detach Tug</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p>You should set your parking brake to <strong>ON</strong> once the push has been completed and before detaching the tug</p>
</blockquote>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>When aligning your aircraft with the taxiway centerline, anticipation is required. Don’t forget that the larger the aircraft, the sooner you will have to start the turn!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="engine-start">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#engine-start"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Engine Start</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Engine start can commence during or after the pushback.</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Engines</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Eng ‘X’ 0% N1</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The start sequence for the engine you have selected will begin.</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>For a realistic experience, start one engine at a time - wait for the % N1 to be green before starting the next engine.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p>Alternatively you can use the <strong>Auto Start</strong> function for a more easy experience, select the following:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Misc</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Auto Start</td>
<td><strong>TAP</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Once at least one engine is running, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Electrical</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>APU*</td>
<td><strong>OFF</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*If fitted – not all aircraft are currently equipped with an APU</p>
</section>
</section>


Pushback and Engine Start

<section id="stand-guidance">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#stand-guidance"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Stand Guidance</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p>Not all stands have stand guidance, however those that do will provide guidance to aircraft for parking. Watch the video below to learn how to use it!</p>
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/676886445" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="approaching-the-gate">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#approaching-the-gate"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Approaching the Gate</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>When approaching the stand guidance, it will show an &quot;OK&quot; message, the Gate number, aircraft type and airport name. If &quot;Too Large&quot; or  &quot;Too Small&quot; is shown, you cannot park at that gate.</p>
<p>Once aligned on the centerline, the stand guidance will provide distance to the stopping point along with lateral guidance to remain on the centerline</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="parked">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#parked"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Parked</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>When parked, the stand guidance will show an &quot;OK&quot; message, the gate number, aircraft type and airport name.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Stand Guidance

<section id="taxi">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#taxi"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Taxi</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="after-start">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#after-start"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> After Start</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Once your engine(s) is/are started and before commencing taxi, the after start checks should be completed:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Set <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Spoilers</a> to <strong>ARMED</strong></dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Set <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Trim and Flaps</a> for take-off</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Set <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/autobrake" class="documentation-content-link">Autobrake</a> to <strong>MAX</strong> (if fitted) by accessing the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and selecting the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Misc</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Autobrakes</td>
<td><strong>MAX</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="taxi-2">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#taxi-2"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Taxi</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/atis-pushback-and-taxi#taxi-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">Request taxi</a> with the active ATC, or if there is no active ATC, announce taxi on the Unicom frequency – listen out whilst you’re on the move for other traffic</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Release the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Park Brake</a> and increase <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/hud#head-up-display-(hud)" class="documentation-content-link">power</a> to start the taxi</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>We recommend you do not exceed 40% N1 whilst taxiing, and once you’ve started to move, you typically don’t need more than idle power!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rudder</a> to maintain the taxiway centerline and either the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rud Brakes or Park Brake</a> to keep your speed under control</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Do not exceed 35kts groundspeed to avoid in-game violations, we recommend you keep your speed below 25kts in a straight line and 10kts or less during 90° turns for a safe operation</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>If you need to cross a runway whilst taxiing, make sure to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/atis-pushback-and-taxi#pilot-to-ground-controller-communication-table" class="documentation-content-link">request runway crossing</a> with the active ATC, or if there is no active ATC, announce crossing on the Unicom frequency – always check it’s clear before you enter the runway! Don’t forget to access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Lights</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Strobes</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Land</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Once you’re clear of the runway, you can turn these lights back to <strong>OFF</strong>.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Taxi

<section id="autobrake">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#autobrake"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Autobrake</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/690477241" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<p>The autobrake system has two main purposes, these are:</p>
<ul>
<li>reduce the braking distance in case of an aborted takeoff</li>
<li>establish and maintain a selected deceleration rate during landing, thereby improving passenger comfort and reducing crew workload</li>
</ul>
<p>When selecting an autobrake setting, the spoilers will automatically <strong>ARM</strong> in preparation for take-off or landing.</p>
</section>
<section id="take-off">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#take-off"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Take-Off</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Before departure, the autobrake should always be set to <strong>MAX</strong> (if fitted) so that the aircraft is configured correctly in the event of a rejected take-off (RTO).</p>
<p>To do this, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Misc</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Autobrakes</td>
<td><strong>MAX</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="landing">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#landing"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Landing</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>For landing, the pilot can elect to do manual braking, or set an autobrake setting (i.e. <strong>LOW</strong> or <strong>MED</strong>). It is recommended that autobrake is always selected (if fitted), as this can always be disconnected during the landing roll if it is no longer required.</p>
<p>To do this, access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Misc</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Autobrakes</td>
<td><strong>LOW</strong> or <strong>MED</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>MAX</strong> is not available for landing and will automatically default to <strong>MED</strong> if selected when not on the ground</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Autobrake

<section id="take-off-to-cruise">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#take-off-to-cruise"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Take-Off to Cruise</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/416109479" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<p>This section covers everything from take-off to cruise including how to back-taxi, take-off techniques in crosswinds and navigation procedures once you're airborne. Ready for departure? Let's get you into the air!</p>
</section>
</section>


<section id="before-take-off">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#before-take-off"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Before Take-Off</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p>Arrived at the holding point and ready to go? Follow our step by step guide below to make sure you're all set for Take-Off!</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Tune to the active tower frequency and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#take-off-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">report ready for departure</a>, or if there is no active ATC, tune to the Unicom frequency</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Once you have clearance (if applicable) and it is clear on the approach; access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>LIGHTS</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Strobes</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Land</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you have been cleared to Line Up and Wait (LUAW) by ATC, taxi onto the runway centreline and come to a stop. If you have been cleared for take-off by ATC or if you're on Unicom, you can commence the take-off roll straight away provided the runway is completely clear</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Performance limited? If you’re performance limited due to aircraft weight, environmental factors or the runway length, use the oversteer technique to save as much runway as possible for departure</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


Before Take-Off

<section id="back-taxi">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#back-taxi"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Back-Taxi</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-back-taxi%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-back-taxi%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a Back-Taxi?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Back-Taxi is a ground procedure which involves the use of any portion of a runway as a taxiway for an aircraft to taxi in the opposite direction from which it will take-off in, or has landed on.</p>
<p>Sometimes holding points are not positioned at the runway ends which prevents you from accessing the full length, in this case you may find that you are either told to Back-Taxi by ATC, or need to Back-Taxi to get the required runway length for departure. This could also be the case when landing, the exit points might not be located in a convenient location and a back-taxi may be required to exit the runway.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-back-taxi%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-back-taxi%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I Back-Taxi?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Tune to the active tower frequency and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#take-off-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">report ready for departure</a>, or if there is no active ATC, tune to the Unicom frequency</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Once you have clearance (if applicable) and it is clear on the approach; access the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/systems#systems" class="documentation-content-link">Systems</a> menu and select the following:</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table checklist fixed">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>LIGHTS</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Strobes</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Land</td>
<td><strong>ON</strong></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you have been cleared to Back-Taxi and Line Up and Wait (LUAW) by ATC, taxi onto the runway in the opposite direction in which you are planning to take-off in, and continue until you are happy with the amount of runway you have behind you. Once you have done this, make a 180 degree turn and align yourself with the centerline (you do not need to taxi to the runway end if you do not need it)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Although there is no groundspeed limit when on the runway, we recommend not exceeding 35kts in a straight line, and below 10kts when making a turn</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you have just landed and pass the last usable exit, you will be cleared to Back-Taxi and contact Ground when off the runway by ATC. Wait until you are at a sensible speed before attempting to make a 180 degree turn</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Familiarize yourself with the ground layout of an airport before landing so that you can plan your exit strategy. Landing in the touchdown zone and using the correct amount of braking is sometimes all that is needed to prevent a back-taxi and save the workload of not only you, but also the ATC</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Back-Taxi

<section id="take-off-and-initial-climb">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#take-off-and-initial-climb"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Take-Off and Initial Climb</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/416107656" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>You will rarely require full power for take-off; your weight, environmental factors such as altitude and temperature, and the runway length will affect how much thrust is required</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p>If you have been cleared for take-off by ATC or if you're on Unicom, you can commence the take-off roll provided the runway is completely clear. To do this, follow the steps below:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Set 50% N1, this allows the engines to stabilize and prevent asymmetric thrust</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Once 50% N1 has stabilized, release brakes (if you haven't already) and progressively increase thrust to take-off power</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>At VR (rotate speed), pitch to 15 degrees nose up</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Try to maintain back pressure during the rotation, we recommend a rate of 3 degrees per second so it should take you 5 seconds to get to 15 degrees</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Once stable at 15 degrees, adjust pitch to maintain V2+10 to V2+20kts (e.g. if V2 is 145kts, your target speed would be 155-165kts)</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Positive climb? Gear up!</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>At 1000ft AAL (above aerodrome level), lower the nose to 10 degrees, reduce to climb power, and then allow the aircraft to accelerate</dd>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>Retract the flaps as you approach the flap retraction speeds for your aircraft</dd>
<dt>Step 8</dt>
<dd>Accelerate to 250kts, the speed restrictions on the SID (Standard Instrument Departure) or your aircraft climb speed (whichever is the lowest), then adjust pitch to maintain that speed</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Approaching a level off altitude (within 2000ft), reduce your rate of climb to 1500fpm (feet per minute) or less to make sure you don't bust the cleared altitude</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 9</dt>
<dd>When you resume your climb, reset your climb power, and adjust pitch to maintain the required speed</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


Take-Off and Initial Climb

<section id="crosswind%2Ftailwind-take-off-technique">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#crosswind%2Ftailwind-take-off-technique"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Crosswind/Tailwind Take-Off Technique</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/416104626" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="crosswind-take-off">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#crosswind-take-off"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Crosswind Take-Off</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Utilize the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/flight-planning#atis" class="documentation-content-link">ATIS</a> and other weather information to determine the direction of the wind and crosswind component. Before commencement of the take-off roll, be sure to know which direction the wind is coming from</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>To perform a crosswind take-off, deflect your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Aileron</a> into wind (so if the wind is coming from the right, tilt your device to the right so that the right Aileron is up, and the left Aileron is down). To maintain the runway centerline, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-controls#flight-controls" class="documentation-content-link">Rudder</a>. Without any input, your aircraft will turn into wind as speed increases (known as weather cocking) and you could lose control of your aircraft</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>For independent control of your Ailerons and Rudder, make sure that auto-coordination is turned <strong>OFF</strong> in your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#settings" class="documentation-content-link">Settings</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>As speed increases, reduce Aileron deflection to prevent your wings from tipping</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>At VR (rotation speed), rotate as normal and gradually reduce any remaining inputs in your Rudder and Ailerons. To maintain the extended centerline you'll need to offset by flying slightly into wind</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="tailwind-take-off">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#tailwind-take-off"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Tailwind Take-Off</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Where possible you should always try to take-off into wind, so try and pick the runway with the best headwind component. However, if an airport is busy, or if the weather means that there is no favorable runway, you may find that you have to take-off with a tailwind.  The take-off is very similar to a <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/take-off-and-initial-climb#take-off-and-initial-climb" class="documentation-content-link">normal</a> or <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/crosswind-tailwind-take-off-technique#crosswind-take-off" class="documentation-content-link">crosswind take-off</a>, but we have three extra tips to help you do this successfully:</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Increase thrust more gradually, the risk of asymmetric thrust is increased with a tailwind component</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>We recommend that you do not take-off if the tailwind component exceeds 10kts</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Be more cautious when you rotate, a tail strike is more likely with a tailwind</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>


Crosswind/Tailwind Take-Off Technique

<section id="standard-instrument-departure-(sid)-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#standard-instrument-departure-(sid)-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Standard Instrument Departure (SID) Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-is-a-sid%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-sid%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a SID?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Standard Instrument Departures, known as SIDs, are a published flight procedure that are followed by aircraft on an IFR flight plan immediately after departure. SIDs allow aircraft to depart an airspace following a pre-defined route (and in some cases with altitude/speed restrictions) that help them navigate adjacent airspaces, terrain and arriving traffic.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-a-transition%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-transition%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a Transition?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>&quot;Transition&quot; is a word commonly used in aviation and you’re probably already familiar with requesting this with a Tower facility to transition through their airspace. A Transition when used with reference to SID/STARs refers to a branch of the procedure that will break you off in the direction of your destination. Not all procedures will have a transition but do keep an eye out for them as they will be beneficial when wanting a more direct routing.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-put-a-sid-into-my-flight-plan%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-put-a-sid-into-my-flight-plan%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I put a SID into my Flight Plan?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/421196015" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Once spawned, check the ATIS/D-ATIS for runway(s) and ATC preferred SID(s) in use. You should try to pick an ATC preferred SID and transition that takes you towards your destination</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Watch out in the ATIS for 'Straight Out Departures' or if you are told to maintain runway heading when cleared for take-off. ATC instructions supersede your Flight Plan and must be followed!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Load the SID into your flight plan by following our step by step guide <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#selecting-departure%2C-arrival-and-approach-procedures" class="documentation-content-link">here</a></dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>It's possible you may be given a different runway to what you were expecting and therefore might need to change your SID, be prepared and have a few options in case this happens</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="separation">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#separation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Separation</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>When aircraft are flying IFR, they must maintain a minimum separation of 3nm laterally or 1000ft vertically with other aircraft at all times.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 6.2.2.1 - Aircraft Separation" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 6.2.2.1 - Aircraft Separation</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-sid%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-sid%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a SID?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Now that your flight plan is loaded, we can utilize the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#gps-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">GPS Navigation</a> to navigate the SID</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Study your flight plan and/or charts, and if you wish, you can also tune any <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#navigation" class="documentation-content-link">navigation aids</a> used on the SID for extra guidance. Make sure to follow all altitude/speed restrictions, this is crucial to observe airspace restrictions, ensure terrain clearance and to maintain separation with other traffic</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If you haven't already, make sure to read the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/take-off-and-initial-climb#take-off-and-initial-climb" class="documentation-content-link">take-off and initial climb</a> section before getting into the air!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>To follow the SID once airborne, ensure that the magenta Radial Deviation Bar is inline with the magenta Course Select Pointer on your HSI</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Before making any turns, check surroundings to make sure it is clear, use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/cameras#camera" class="documentation-content-link">Cameras</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>As you approach the waypoint, the flight plan will automatically cycle to the next waypoint and your HSI will be reset with a new radial to follow</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Feel overloaded? Reduce your workload by engaging the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot</a> and LNAV mode to get your aircraft to follow the flight plan for you</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Use caution when arming LNAV if the autopilot is engaged, the aircraft will immediately start to follow your flight plan - make sure it is clear first!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>If ATC is active, you will be told to either contact Departure or given &quot;Frequency Change Approved&quot;. If you are handed over to a Radar Controller and just want to follow your flight plan use the &quot;Check In&quot; function. The controller will respond with &quot;Radar Contact&quot; and you can continue as filed (the Controller may issue vectors and/or altitude assignments - ATC instructions supersede your flight plan so make sure to follow them! They will let you know when it is clear to &quot;Continue as Filed&quot;)</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Standard Instrument Departure (SID) Navigation

<section id="visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-departure-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-departure-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Departure Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-does-visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Visual Flight Rules (VFR) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Visual Flight Rules (VFR) are a set of regulations that must be followed by pilots when operating an aircraft visually; and specifically, in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC).</p>
<p>Flights conducted under VFR can only be operated if the weather conditions are suitable. This means the pilot must be able to:</p>
<ul>
<li>navigate visually</li>
<li>and &quot;see &amp; avoid&quot; obstacles such as terrain and other aircraft (maintaining a <strong>MINIMUM</strong> of 500ft vertical separation with other aircraft)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-does-visual-meteorological-conditions-(vmc)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-visual-meteorological-conditions-(vmc)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) are a set of weather minima that are required for VFR flights to take place.</p>
<p>The specific minima varies by country and by the type of airspace being flown in. However, for the purposes of Infinite Flight, VMC is said to exist when the visibility is 3 statute miles (approximately 5000 meters) or more. Therefore, when these conditions exist, VFR flight and pattern work will be allowed by ATC (terrain and traffic permitting).</p>
<p>Take note that IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) aircraft can fly in IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions) or VMC, but VFR aircraft can only fly in VMC.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="vfr-pre-flight-procedures">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#vfr-pre-flight-procedures"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> VFR Pre-Flight Procedures</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check that the weather is VMC (minimum of 3 statute miles visibility*). You can do this by <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#getting-more-from-your-map-and-mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">accessing the 'wx' tab from you map or mini map</a></dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>We always recommend <a href="/guide/flying-guide/on-the-ground/flight-planning#flight-planning" class="documentation-content-link">filing a flight plan</a>, however it is not a requirement of VFR flights</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#foreflight" class="documentation-content-link">ForeFlight</a> is a great tool for flight planning, make sure to give it a go!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Research your route and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes#ifr%2Fvfr-semi-circular-rules" class="documentation-content-link">establish a cruising altitude</a> that ensures terrain clearance and satisfies VFR Semi-Circular rules</dd>
</dl>
<p>*<em>For Infinite Flight purposes, currently only visibility is taken into account to determine VMC</em></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="vfr-departure-procedures">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#vfr-departure-procedures"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> VFR Departure Procedures</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Once you are at the holding point and ready for departure you can tune to the active frequency, or if there is no active ATC, tune to the Unicom frequency</dd>
</dl>
<p>There are two options for departure, these are:</p>
<ul>
<li>departing the airspace</li>
<li>and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/remaining-in-the-pattern#remaining-in-the-pattern" class="documentation-content-link">remaining in the pattern</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#take-off-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">Report ready for departure</a> (or announce take-off on Unicom) and select the type of departure you intend on flying</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>For more detail, make sure to check out the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/before-take-off#before-take-off" class="documentation-content-link">Before Take-Off</a> step by step guide</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>If you're planning on departing the airspace, you will need to select the direction you intend on departing in (i.e. straight out, north, east, south or west)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Don't forget, it is the direction you intend on departing the airspace in, not the overall direction that your flight plan takes you in</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>After departure (assuming you are not remaining in the pattern), the Tower Controller will hand you over to the Radar Controller (if they are present). If ATC coverage is not available, you can switch to an appropriate frequency</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If there is active ATC, do not change frequency without permission!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>If you have been handed over to a Radar Controller, you can either <a href="/guide/atc-manual/6.-radar/6.4-departure-check-in#the-use-of-check-in" class="documentation-content-link">Check In</a> or request a <a href="/guide/atc-manual/6.-radar/6.5-flight-following#6.5-flight-following" class="documentation-content-link">VFR Flight Following</a>, although the latter is recommended if you specifically want to fly VFR (if you have a flight plan, Controllers may think you are asking for an IFR Flight Following when checking in)</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Both requests mean the same so make sure to only send one of the options!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>Continue flying VFR and remember that you are responsible for terrain and traffic avoidance. ATC may however, issue vectors to de-conflict with IFR traffic. If this happens, continue to follow those instructions until you are told to &quot;resume own navigation&quot;</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Departure Navigation

<section id="remaining-in-the-pattern">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#remaining-in-the-pattern"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Remaining in the Pattern</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/416103249" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="what-is-a-traffic-pattern%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-traffic-pattern%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a traffic pattern?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The traffic pattern is a standard flight path followed by aircraft when taking-off and landing while maintaining visual contact with the airport. It is a great way to practice and improve your flying, and to increase the amount of landings in your logbook (found within your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#logbook" class="documentation-content-link">settings</a>)!</p>
<p>In Infinite Flight the pattern altitude is 1000ft AAL (above aerodrome level) for prop aircraft, and 1500ft AAL for jet aircraft. It consists of multiple legs, each being joined by a 90 degree turn, and these are shown in the image below:</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-traffic-pattern.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-traffic-pattern@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-traffic-pattern@3x.jpg 3x" alt="The Traffic Pattern" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>The Traffic Pattern</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-traffic-pattern%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-traffic-pattern%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a traffic pattern?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Ready to go? Follow the steps below:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Check out the <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/before-take-off#before-take-off" class="documentation-content-link">Before Take-Off</a> and <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/take-off-and-initial-climb#take-off-and-initial-climb" class="documentation-content-link">Take-Off and Initial Climb</a> pages on how to get rolling</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Before setting off, align your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/hud#head-up-display-(hud)" class="documentation-content-link">heading bug</a> with the runway heading. You can then use this as a helpful reminder of what heading to turn to when making those 90 degrees turns between legs. It's also useful to <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/hud#head-up-display-(hud)" class="documentation-content-link">bug your altitude</a> so you don't bust it!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Passing 400ft AAL begin your initial 90 degree turn to enter either the left or right crosswind leg. Make sure to check if you've been told to make left or right traffic by ATC; or if you're on Unicom, listen to the other traffic to make sure you don't cause a conflict</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Not sure what left or right traffic is? For left traffic, you always turn left! And once you're on downwind, the airport will be on your left - it's the same for right traffic but on the right!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>The crosswind leg will determine how wide your pattern is, for smaller aircraft you may not need to go out that far; for larger jet aircraft, you'll need the pattern to be a bit wider to allow for a safe turn onto final later on</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Once you've made that second 90 degree turn onto downwind, if you're on Unicom you should <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/remaining-in-the-pattern#pilot-to-tower-controller-communication-tables" class="documentation-content-link">report your position</a>, and continue to do so on all legs of the pattern for traffic awareness. If there is ATC, you don't need to if you've been cleared for the option</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>Make sure to listen out, if there is ATC you may be given instructions that maintain separation with other aircraft. Don't forget to also keep an eye on your surroundings, you are just as responsible for making sure there are no conflicts - use the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a> to help you</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>Abeam the touchdown zone, start to think about your final approach, different aircraft will need to be configured at different points</dd>
<dt>Step 6</dt>
<dd>When the runway threshold is a 45 degree angle from you, start your 90 degree turn onto base leg, depending on what aircraft you're in, you may need to start your descent too if you haven't already</dd>
<dt>Step 7</dt>
<dd>The final turn is the most tricky, anticipation is required and if you have a strong wind behind you, you'll need to take this into account too</dd>
<dt>Step 8</dt>
<dd>Try to control your descent so that you roll out on final, on profile. Don't worry if you're a bit high or low, adjust your pitch and power to get back on profile</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-perform-a-touch-%26-go">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-perform-a-touch-%26-go"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to perform a Touch &amp; Go</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>To expedite your patterns, you may elect to perform a Touch &amp; Go, follow our <a href="/guide/flying-guide/descent-to-landing/landing#how-to-perform-a-touch-%26-go" class="documentation-content-link">step by step guide</a> to help you.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>


<section id="instrument-flight-rules-(ifr)-en-route-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#instrument-flight-rules-(ifr)-en-route-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) En-Route Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-does-instrument-flight-rules-(ifr)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-instrument-flight-rules-(ifr)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) are a set of regulations that must be followed by pilots when operating an aircraft in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) or in particular airspace.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-does-instrument-meteorological-conditions-(imc)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-instrument-meteorological-conditions-(imc)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The specific conditions required to be classed as Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) vary by country and by the type of airspace being flown in. However, for the purposes of Infinite Flight, IMC is said to exist when the visibility is less than 3 statute miles (approximately 5000 meters). Therefore, when these conditions exist, VFR flight and pattern work will not be allowed by ATC.</p>
<p>Take note that IFR aircraft can fly in IMC or VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions), but VFR (Visual Flight Rules) aircraft can only fly in VMC.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="airspace">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#airspace"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Airspace</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Controller airspace is defined by it's vertical jurisdiction, lateral boundaries and frequency range for the facility being operated. For the purposes of Infinite Flight, below is a summary for each Controller position:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Position</th>
<th>Vertical Jurisdiction</th>
<th>Lateral Boundary</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Tower</td>
<td>SFC - 5000ft AAL</td>
<td>Most immediate ring/boundary surrounding the airport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Departure/Approach</td>
<td>SFC - 18,000ft/FL180</td>
<td>50nm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Center</td>
<td>SFC - 60,000ft/FL600</td>
<td>White boundaries</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note: Airspace parameters and ATC jurisdictions may be altered with the use of NOTAMs and/or TFRs during special events</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 5.1.1.1 - Airspace layout" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 5.1.1.1 - Airspace layout</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>The different types of airspace displayed on your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">map and mini map</a> are defined using a color code, and these are shown in the following table <strong class="red">for information only</strong>:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Airspace Type</th>
<th>Color Code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Class B</td>
<td>Blue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class C</td>
<td>Magenta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class D</td>
<td>Light Blue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Terminal Control Area</td>
<td>Light Green</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Flight Information Region (FIR)</td>
<td>White</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="separation">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#separation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Separation</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>When aircraft are flying IFR, they must maintain a minimum separation of 3nm laterally or 1000ft vertically with other aircraft at all times.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-aircraft-separation@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 6.2.2.1 - Aircraft Separation" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 6.2.2.1 - Aircraft Separation</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="ifr-en-route-procedures">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#ifr-en-route-procedures"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> IFR En-Route Procedures</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>A flight plan is always required for IFR flights, your instruments or the autopilot navigation system can be used to navigate and follow your flight plan</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#foreflight" class="documentation-content-link">ForeFlight</a> is a great tool for flight planning, make sure to give it a go!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Make sure to modify your <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes#ifr%2Fvfr-semi-circular-rules" class="documentation-content-link">cruising altitude</a> to satisfy terrain clearance and IFR Semi-Circular rules</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>If you are approaching controlled airspace, make sure to tune in and listen out for other traffic</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>If it is a Radar Controller, simply <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#departure-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">Check In</a>. If it is a Tower Controller, you need to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#pilot-to-tower-controller-communication-tables" class="documentation-content-link">request a transition</a> to transit through their airspace</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If the airspace is uncontrolled, try tuning into the closest Unicom frequency to listen out for other traffic nearby. You can also send traffic advisories, or request them if you want more information for a particular airport</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>You can also request <a href="/guide/atc-manual/6.-radar/6.11-radar-vectors#6.11-radar-vectors" class="documentation-content-link">Radar Vectors</a> or other ATC services, IFR separation rules (both for aircraft and terrain) will then apply</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) En-Route Navigation

<section id="vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> VOR (VHF Omni-Directional Range) Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/455590960" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="what-is-a-vor%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-a-vor%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is a VOR?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The VHF (Very High Frequency) Omni-Directional Range, otherwise known as VOR; is a ground-based transmitter that emits radio signals and is identified with it's own frequency and three letter code. Aircraft equipped with VHF Navigation Receivers can then interpret these signals and use them for navigation purposes. To use VORs for navigation, you will need to <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">tune to the correct frequency</a>, and then <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-a-vor-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">display this in the cockpit</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to this, the following definitions are essential in understanding the theory behind VOR Navigation:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Term</th>
<th>Definition</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Radial</td>
<td>A radial is always the bearing <strong>from</strong> the beacon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>To</td>
<td>Magnetic bearing <strong>to</strong> the beacon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>From</td>
<td>Magnetic bearing <strong>from</strong> the beacon</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/vor-radials.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/vor-radials@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/vor-radials@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Radials and To/From" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Radials and To/From</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Horizontal Situation Indicator or HSI, is the primary instrument used for navigation in Infinite Flight. It consists of the following elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>Compass rose orientated with the current aircraft heading</li>
<li>Blue heading bug displaying the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot FCU</a> bugged heading</li>
<li>Single blue pointer to represent BRG (bearing) 1 - when tuned to a navigation source (ILS, VOR or NDB) it will point to the navigation aid</li>
<li>Double blue pointer to represent BRG (bearing) 2 - when tuned to a navigation source (ILS, VOR or NDB) it will point to the navigation aid</li>
<li>Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) made up of the Course Pointer and Lateral Deviation Bar - displayed in magenta for GPS, and light green for NAV 1 and NAV 2</li>
</ul>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements@3x.jpg 3x" alt="HSI Elements" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>HSI Elements</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-set-up-your-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-set-up-your-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Set Up your Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">Tune the VOR</a> by tapping the VOR from your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">Map</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a>, selecting the VOR from the list displayed, and then tap &quot;Set NAV 1 (or 2)&quot;</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-a-vor-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">Display the VOR</a> by tapping &quot;NAV&quot; on the Fly Screen to show the Avionics tab, and ensure that either BRG 1 (or 2) have NAV 1 (or 2) displayed (dependent on which NAV you tuned the VOR to)</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Lastly, within the Avionics tab, make sure to change the &quot;SOURCE&quot; to NAV 1 (or 2) as required, and then adjust the respective course (CRS 1 or 2) to the desired magnetic bearing that you want to fly</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-navigate-using-a-vor">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-navigate-using-a-vor"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Navigate using a VOR</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Prepare your flight plan by determining the direction of travel and any navigation aids (such as VORs) that could be used to assist with your route</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Ensure that you have planned ahead by using our step by step guides to help you - <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">tune</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-a-vor-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">display</a> the required VOR(s), change the CRS(s) to the desired magnetic bearing(s) that you wish to intercept, and then finally have SOURCE set to either NAV 1 (or 2 as required)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>You can only display the CDI for either NAV 1 or NAV 2, however you can still set up NAV 1 and NAV 2 with the same/different VOR(s) and/or CRS(s) to reduce your workload once airborne!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>Next, look at where you are in relation to the VOR, use the bearing pointer on your HSI (blue) to help you. You can also use your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">Map</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a></p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>Plan how you are going to intercept the pre-set course and what you expect the indications to look like when approaching it</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>We recommend a closing angle no greater than 45 degrees, however you may need to use less if you are close to the VOR otherwise you may overshoot during the intercept!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>
<p>As you approach the intercept, the Lateral Deviation Bar of the CDI will come &quot;alive&quot;, use this to help judge the turn onto your desired course</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>The Lateral Deviation Bar can come &quot;alive&quot; pretty quickly, especially if you are close to the VOR - keep an eye on the blue bearing pointer, it will always show the current magnetic bearing to the beacon, use this to give you a heads up when you are getting close to the course you want to fly!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<p>We have departed Athens (LGAV) off of Runway 03R, and are making a right downwind departure with the intention to intercept the 090 radial of the ATV VOR and use this to fly a magnetic bearing of 270 to the beacon.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/vor-radial-example.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/vor-radial-example@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/vor-radial-example@3x.jpg 3x" alt="VOR Example" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>VOR Example</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>Before departure we have tuned and displayed the ATV VOR (NAV 1 in this example), selected a CRS of 270 and ensured that the SOURCE is set to NAV 1.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/avionics-set-up.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/avionics-set-up@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/avionics-set-up@3x.png 3x" alt="Avionics Set-Up" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Avionics Set-Up</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>Once we depart and make a right turn to head downwind, our heading will be 210, this is a 60 intercept so instead we have adjusted our heading to 240 degrees to give us a slightly shallower intercept as we are not far from the VOR.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/right-downwind.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/right-downwind@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/right-downwind@3x.png 3x" alt="Right Downwind" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Right Downwind</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>With a heading of 240 degrees, we can watch the blue bearing pointer (representing where the VOR is) start to move, as this gets closer to 270 I have started to anticipate when the turn will be required onto a heading of 270.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/adjusted-intercept-heading.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/adjusted-intercept-heading@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/adjusted-intercept-heading@3x.png 3x" alt="Adjusted Intercept Heading" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Adjusted Intercept Heading</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>As the Lateral Deviation Bar comes &quot;alive&quot; I begin the turn to fly the 270 magnetic bearing to the beacon.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/cdi-alive.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/cdi-alive@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/cdi-alive@3x.png 3x" alt="CDI Alive" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>CDI Alive</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>Once we are on this heading, we can adjust it to ensure that we are tracking on the 090 radial to the beacon (taking wind drift into account).</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/heading-270.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/heading-270@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/heading-270@3x.png 3x" alt="Heading 270" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Heading 270</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the dashed green line on the HSI to help you understand the affect of wind drift when selecting an alternate heading</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</dl>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tracking-090-radial.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tracking-090-radial@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tracking-090-radial@3x.png 3x" alt="Tracking 090 Radial" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Tracking 090 Radial</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>


VOR (VHF Omni-Directional Range) Navigation

<section id="ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#ndb-(non-directional-beacon)-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference">
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>The principles of navigating using an NDB are incredibly similar to using VORs, make sure to check out our tutorial on <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/vor-(vhf-omni-directional-range)-navigation" class="documentation-content-link">VOR Navigation</a> for more help!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-an-ndb%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-an-ndb%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is an NDB?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Non-Directional Beacon, otherwise known as NDB; is a ground-based transmitter that emits radio signals and is identified with it's own frequency and a code (normally two or three letters). Aircraft equipped with an Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) can then interpret these signals and use them for navigation purposes. To use NDBs for navigation, you will need to <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">tune to the correct frequency</a>, and then <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-an-adf-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">display this in the cockpit</a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-the-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>The Horizontal Situation Indicator or HSI, is the primary instrument used for navigation in Infinite Flight. It consists of the following elements:</p>
<ul>
<li>Compass rose orientated with the current aircraft heading</li>
<li>Blue heading bug displaying the <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/autopilot#autopilot" class="documentation-content-link">Autopilot FCU</a> bugged heading</li>
<li>Single blue pointer to represent BRG (bearing) 1 - when tuned to a navigation source (ILS, VOR or NDB) it will point to the navigation aid</li>
<li>Double blue pointer to represent BRG (bearing) 2 - when tuned to a navigation source (ILS, VOR or NDB) it will point to the navigation aid</li>
<li>Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) made up of the Course Pointer and Lateral Deviation Bar - displayed in magenta for GPS, and light green for NAV 1 and NAV 2</li>
</ul>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/hsi-elements@3x.jpg 3x" alt="HSI Elements" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>HSI Elements</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-set-up-your-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-set-up-your-horizontal-situation-indicator-(hsi)"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Set Up your Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">Tune the NDB</a> by tapping the NDB from your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">Map</a> or <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a>, selecting the NDB from the list displayed, and then tap &quot;Set ADF 1&quot;</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-an-adf-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">Display the NDB</a> by tapping &quot;NAV&quot; on the Fly Screen to show the Avionics tab, and ensure that either BRG 1 (or 2) have ADF displayed</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-navigate-using-an-ndb">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-navigate-using-an-ndb"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to Navigate using an NDB</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Prepare your flight plan by determining the direction of travel and any navigation aids (such as NDBs) that could be used to assist with your route</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>Ensure that you have planned ahead by using our step by step guides to help you - <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#tuning-to-a-vor-or-adf" class="documentation-content-link">tune</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/navigation#displaying-an-adf-in-your-aircraft" class="documentation-content-link">display</a> the required NDB</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>You can only display the CDI for NAV 1 (or 2) and GPS, it is not available for ADF</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Next, look at where you are in relation to the NDB, use the bearing pointer on your HSI (blue) to help you. You can also use your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">Map</a> and <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#mini-map" class="documentation-content-link">Mini Map</a></dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>Plan how you are going to intercept the radial and what you expect the indications to look like when approaching it</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>A good rule of thumb is to look at the difference between the current and desired bearings to/from the beacon, and turn twice the difference to get established, check out the example below!</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>To intercept a specific radial, imagine that the NDB is at the &quot;head&quot; of the blue bearing pointer (arrow) and that the aircraft is at the &quot;tail&quot; of the blue bearing pointer. If you are navigating &quot;to&quot; the beacon, you need to &quot;pull&quot; the tail of the blue bearing pointer round to the new position by turning towards the tail, the head will begin to &quot;fall&quot; away and when it is close to the desired bearing to the beacon that you want to fly, you can turn back to that bearing. If you are navigating &quot;from&quot; the beacon, you will need to &quot;push&quot; the head of the blue bearing pointer by turning away from the &quot;tail&quot;. The head will begin to &quot;fall&quot; away and &quot;pull&quot; the tail round, when it is close to the desired bearing from the beacon that you want to fly, you can turn back to that bearing</dd>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>To/From</th>
<th>Direction of Turn</th>
<th>Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>To the Beacon</td>
<td>Towards the tail</td>
<td>Head will &quot;fall&quot; round to the desired bearing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>From the Beacon</td>
<td>Away from the tail</td>
<td>Tail will &quot;pull&quot; round to the desired bearing</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
<p>We are flying just south of PHNY towards the Lanai (LLD) NDB on a heading of 360 degrees. The LLD NDB has been tuned to ADF 1, and then displayed on BRG (bearing) 1. Today, we have planned to fly a bearing of 360 to the beacon (180 radial) however, in the below image you can see that the actual bearing to the beacon is 350 (or the 170 radial).</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/170-radial.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/170-radial@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/170-radial@3x.png 3x" alt="170 Radial" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>170 Radial</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>If we were to just turn towards the beacon (heading 350 degrees), we would never establish ourselves on the 180 radial; instead, we would just maintain the 170 radial that we are currently on. To fly the 180 radial, we need to determine the difference between the &quot;desired&quot; and &quot;current&quot; bearings to the beacon - in this example, the difference is 10 degrees. To intercept the desired radial we recommend doubling the bearing error (as a rule of thumb) - so in this case, we need to turn 20 degrees.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/heading-340.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/heading-340@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/heading-340@3x.png 3x" alt="Heading 340" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Heading 340</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>In the image above, you can see we have changed the aircraft heading from 360 to 340 degrees by turning towards the &quot;tail&quot;. The current bearing to the beacon is still 350 but now that we have changed our heading, the head (arrow) of the blue bearing pointer will begin to &quot;fall&quot; away and as it approaches a bearing of 360 to the beacon, we can then start to turn right again to a heading of 360.</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/180-radial.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/180-radial@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/180-radial@3x.png 3x" alt="180 Radial" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>180 Radial</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>Once on the desired bearing, we can then monitor the blue bearing pointer and adjust our heading to take into account wind (ensuring that we are tracking the correct radial).</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tracking-180-radial.png" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tracking-180-radial@2x.png 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/frames/tracking-180-radial@3x.png 3x" alt="Tracking 180 Radial" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Tracking 180 Radial</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use the dashed green line on the HSI to help you understand the affect of wind drift when selecting an alternate heading</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) Navigation

<section id="oceanic-flying">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#oceanic-flying"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Oceanic Flying</h1>
<section class="reference">
<p><div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe class="embed-responsive-item vimeo-player" type="text/html" width="500" height="281" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/430134138" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe></div></p>
</section>
<section id="what-is-oceanic-flying%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-oceanic-flying%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is Oceanic Flying?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Oceanic Flying is exactly that, flying across large stretches of ocean to connect continents.  It is unique in that it often involves flying for considerable lengths of time with limited radar coverage, and with limited options for diversions.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-is-an-organized-track-system-(ots)%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-an-organized-track-system-(ots)%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What is an Organized Track System (OTS)?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>An Organized Track System (OTS) is often used whilst flying these stretches of airspace. They are a set of predetermined routes that are updated regularly to help optimize traffic flow and satisfy separation requirements.</p>
<p>The North Atlantic (NAT) Tracks, also known as the North Atlantic Organized Track System (NAT-OTS), is an example of these structured flight routes. As the principle is the same for other OTSs, only the NAT Tracks are covered in this guide.</p>
<p>The NAT Tracks cover a vast area, laterally it includes multiple Control Areas (CTAs) that stretch from the northeast of North America, all the way to western Europe. And vertically, a band of airspace between FL285 and FL420*.</p>
<p>*<em>Note that FL290 and FL410 are the last usable flight levels that can be assigned to an aircraft operating within this band of airspace</em></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-the-nat-tracks-work%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-the-nat-tracks-work%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do the NAT Tracks work?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Due to the large horizontal separation criteria, and limited height band; the airspace can be very congested and therefore the OTS is constructed to accommodate as many flights as possible with two major alternating flows:</p>
<ul>
<li>a westbound flow departing Europe in the morning</li>
<li>an eastbound flow departing North America in the evening</li>
</ul>
<p>As well as this, due to weather patterns (including the presence of jet streams); the NAT Tracks are aligned to minimize any headwinds and to maximize tailwinds. This results in much more efficiency by reducing fuel burn and flight time. But for this to be possible, the routes are updated twice daily to take into account the shifting winds aloft and the principal traffic flow.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-do-the-nat-track-labels-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-do-the-nat-track-labels-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What do the NAT Track labels mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/pilot-oceanic-flying.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/pilot-oceanic-flying@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/pilot-oceanic-flying@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Oceanic Flying" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Oceanic Flying</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>In the westbound daytime system, the track most northerly, at its point of origin, is designated Track A (Alpha). The next most northerly track is designated as Track B (Bravo), this is then repeated as tracks move more southerly.</p>
<p>The opposite is true in the eastbound nighttime system. The most southerly track, at its point of origin, is designated Track Z (Zulu). The next most southerly track, as Track Y (Yankee); and so on.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-do-i-fly-a-nat-track%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-do-i-fly-a-nat-track%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How do I fly a NAT Track?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>Before departure, decide on the best NAT Track to use based on your destination, the aircraft weight (which will determine your <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes#step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes" class="documentation-content-link">initial cruising altitude</a>) and the prevailing winds (there are loads of online tools that you can use to help with this)</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#selecting-departure%2C-arrival-and-approach-procedures" class="documentation-content-link">Load your departure</a> and then <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#flight-planning" class="documentation-content-link">add a series of waypoints</a> that will take you close to the start of the track you wish to use</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>From the map, tap the desired track and select the + icon to insert it into your flight plan. Much like an instrument procedure, a track in it’s entirety will display a green bracket</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>Once airborne (and provided you have been given permission to change frequency), you only need to <a href="/guide/atc-manual/6.-radar/6.4-departure-check-in#6.4-departure-%2F-check-in" class="documentation-content-link">Check In</a> with Departure or Center (if ATC is active). You will be expected to continue following your flight plan and they will only vector you if required</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>You do not need to stay with your device for the whole flight, but we do recommend you stay until you have reached your initial cruising altitude as a minimum. This allows ATC to provide de-confliction if required and also prevents system violations due to things like the Autopilot disconnecting (e.g. flying above your optimum cruising altitude when you are too heavy). By actively monitoring critical stages of flight, you will be able to avoid these issues!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</section>


Oceanic Flying

<section id="visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-en-route-navigation">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-en-route-navigation"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Visual Flight Rules (VFR) En-Route Navigation</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-does-visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-visual-flight-rules-(vfr)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Visual Flight Rules (VFR) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Visual Flight Rules (VFR) are a set of regulations that must be followed by pilots when operating an aircraft visually; and specifically, in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC).</p>
<p>Flights conducted under VFR can only be operated if the weather conditions are suitable. This means the pilot must be able to:</p>
<ul>
<li>navigate visually</li>
<li>and &quot;see &amp; avoid&quot; obstacles such as terrain and other aircraft (maintaining a <strong>MINIMUM</strong> of 500ft vertical separation with other aircraft)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-does-visual-meteorological-conditions-(vmc)-mean%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-does-visual-meteorological-conditions-(vmc)-mean%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What does Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) mean?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) are a set of weather minima that are required for VFR flights to take place.</p>
<p>The specific minima varies by country and by the type of airspace being flown in. However, for the purposes of Infinite Flight, VMC is said to exist when the visibility is 3 statute miles (approximately 5000 meters) or more. Therefore, when these conditions exist, VFR flight and pattern work will be allowed by ATC (terrain and traffic permitting).</p>
<p>Take note that IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) aircraft can fly in IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions) or VMC, but VFR aircraft can only fly in VMC.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="airspace">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#airspace"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Airspace</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Controller airspace is defined by it's vertical jurisdiction, lateral boundaries and frequency range for the facility being operated. For the purposes of Infinite Flight, below is a summary for each Controller position:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Position</th>
<th>Vertical Jurisdiction</th>
<th>Lateral Boundary</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Tower</td>
<td>SFC - 5000ft AAL</td>
<td>Most immediate ring/boundary surrounding the airport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Departure/Approach</td>
<td>SFC - 18,000ft/FL180</td>
<td>50nm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Center</td>
<td>SFC - 60,000ft/FL600</td>
<td>White boundaries</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note: Airspace parameters and ATC jurisdictions may be altered with the use of NOTAMs and/or TFRs during special events</p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/atc-airspace-layout@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Image 5.1.1.1 - Airspace layout" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Image 5.1.1.1 - Airspace layout</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>The different types of airspace displayed on your <a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/pilot-user-interface/flight-planning#map" class="documentation-content-link">map and mini map</a> are defined using a color code, and these are shown in the following table <strong class="red">for information only</strong>:</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Airspace Type</th>
<th>Color Code</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Class B</td>
<td>Blue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class C</td>
<td>Magenta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class D</td>
<td>Light Blue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Terminal Control Area</td>
<td>Light Green</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Flight Information Region (FIR)</td>
<td>White</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section id="right-of-way">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#right-of-way"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Right of Way</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>All aircraft, but in particular, VFR traffic; must be operated under a &quot;see and avoid&quot; mentality. The main principle is that the aircraft that does not have right of way, must take corrective action, usually in the form of a right turn.</p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you have the right of way; maintain altitude, heading and speed (unless collision avoidance is required)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Right of Way</th>
<th>Rule</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Converging Traffic</td>
<td>If aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude, the aircraft on the other's right, has the right of way</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Approaching Head On</td>
<td>Niether aircraft has right of way and therefore, both must turn right to avoid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Overtaking an aircraft</td>
<td>The aircraft being overtaken has right of way, the aircraft overtaking, must overtake on the right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Landing</td>
<td>Aircraft landing or on final approach have right of way over all other aircraft*. When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right of way**</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>*<em>Aircraft are not allowed to take advantage of this rule in order to force another aircraft off the runway that has already landed</em></p>
<p>**<em>Aircraft are not allowed to take advantage of this rule in order to cut in front of landing traffic. In addition, when active ATC is present, their sequencing superceeds this rule</em></p>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Remember, if the aircraft is on your right, it has the right of way!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="vfr-en-route-procedures">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#vfr-en-route-procedures"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> VFR En-Route Procedures</h2>
<section class="reference">
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>
<p>A flight plan is not required but if you have one then you can use this to help you navigate</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="/guide/getting-started-guide/home-user-interface/settings#foreflight" class="documentation-content-link">ForeFlight</a> is a great tool for flight planning, make sure to give it a go!</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>
<p>Use visual markers to help you such as terrain, coastlines, islands etc</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>
<p>Make sure to modify your <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes#ifr%2Fvfr-semi-circular-rules" class="documentation-content-link">cruising altitude</a> to satisfy terrain clearance and VFR Semi-Circular rules</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 4</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you are approaching controlled airspace, make sure to tune in and listen out for other traffic</p>
</dd>
<dt>Step 5</dt>
<dd>
<p>If it is a Radar Controller, you can <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#departure-communication-summary" class="documentation-content-link">Check In</a> or request a <a href="/guide/atc-manual/6.-radar/6.5-flight-following#6.5-flight-following" class="documentation-content-link">VFR Flight Following</a> (although the latter is recommended if you specifically want to fly VFR - if you have a flight plan, Controllers may think you are asking for an IFR Flight Following when checking in). If it is a Tower Controller, you need to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/atc-communication/take-off-and-departure#pilot-to-tower-controller-communication-tables" class="documentation-content-link">request a transition</a> to transit through their airspace</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>If the airspace is uncontrolled, try tuning into the closest Unicom frequency to listen out for other traffic nearby. You can also send traffic advisories, or request them if you want more information for a particular airport</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
</section>
</section>


Visual Flight Rules (VFR) En-Route Navigation

<section id="step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes">
<h1><a class="header-anchor" href="#step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> Step Climbs and Cruising Altitudes</h1>
<section class="reference"></section>
<section id="what-are-step-climbs%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-are-step-climbs%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What are Step Climbs?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Generally speaking, as aircraft get higher, they will be more fuel efficient (not taking into account environmental factors, weight or aircraft design specifications). The problem is that when you're heavy you might not be able to get up there straight away, so instead we need to fly as close as possible to the &quot;Optimum Altitude&quot; (the most efficient altitude to fly at, taking into account all of above factors) - and ultimately, this will increase aircraft range.</p>
<p>This is where step climbing comes in and is a technique used to assist an aircraft in flying as close as possible to the optimum altitude. Initially the altitude might be quite low; but as the flight progresses and fuel is subsequently used, the aircraft will eventually lose enough weight to be able to &quot;step&quot; to the next altitude. Dependent on the length of flight, multiple step climbs could be initiated over the course of the flight.</p>
<p>There are two main techniques used for step climbing:</p>
<p><strong>Technique 1</strong></p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/step-climb-technique-1.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/step-climb-technique-1@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/step-climb-technique-1@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Step Climb Technique 1" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Step Climb Technique 1</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Maintain your initial cruising altitude, the optimum altitude will increase as you get lighter. Wait until the difference is approximately 2000ft</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>At this point, initiate a climb until the aircraft is cruising at the same difference in altitude, but above the optimum altitude (in this example 2000ft)</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Maintain this altitude until you are again below the optimum altitude by the predetermined value, then repeat</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>Technique 2</strong></p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/step-climb-technique-2.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/step-climb-technique-2@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/step-climb-technique-2@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Step Climb Technique 2" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Step Climb Technique 2</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<dl>
<dt>Step 1</dt>
<dd>Maintain your initial cruising altitude, the optimum altitude will increase as you get lighter. Wait until the difference is approximately 2000ft</dd>
<dt>Step 2</dt>
<dd>At this point, initiate a climb until the aircraft reaches the optimum altitude</dd>
<dt>Step 3</dt>
<dd>Maintain this altitude until you are again below the optimum altitude by the predetermined value, then repeat</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>If you are operating close to the aircraft limits in terms of environmental factors, weight or aircraft design specifications, then Technique 1 may not be possible as some aircraft struggle above their optimum altitude. Therefore, Technique 2 may need to be adopted in this case</dd>
</dl>
<dl></dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="how-to-plan-step-climbs">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-plan-step-climbs"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> How to plan Step Climbs</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>There is currently no way to determine optimum altitude within Infinite Flight; however, to help you with planning, we recommend the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>If you are departing at, or close to your Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW), do not climb up to your final cruising altitude straight away. Use flight planning tools to plan the altitudes you will step climb to during the course of your flight</li>
<li>Refer to <a href="/guide/flying-guide/take-off-to-cruise/step-climbs-and-cruising-altitudes#what-are-cruising-altitudes%3F" class="documentation-content-link">Cruising Altitudes</a> if you are unsure what altitude you should be flying at based on your direction of travel</li>
<li>If you find the aircraft is stalling, has an unusual pitch attitude, or you’re unable to maintain the altitude - you’re probably too heavy to be there! You will need to descend to a lower altitude, use more fuel and then try climbing later on in the flight when your weight is lower</li>
<li>Only take the fuel required for the flight. Don’t load 100% fuel if you don’t need it as this will only restrict how high you can cruise</li>
</ul>
<dl class="tip">
<dt>
<i class="lightbulb icon big"></i>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>Still having issues or find that the aircraft is at a higher than normal engine power setting? Try dropping down 2000ft to the next available altitude for your direction of travel to see if this helps</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dl>
<p><strong>Example Flight</strong></p>
<p>
      <figure>
          <img src="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/pilot-step-climb-example.jpg" srcset="https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/pilot-step-climb-example@2x.jpg 2x, https://webcdn.infiniteflight.com/guide/manual/graphics/pilot-step-climb-example@3x.jpg 3x" alt="Step Climbing Example" class="documentation-image-lightbox-link" >
          <figcaption>Step Climbing Example</figcaption>
        </figure>
      </p>
<p>In the example flight shown above, this aircraft is en-route to CYYZ from EGLL. Their initial cruising altitude was FL340 and as they are heading westbound, their flight levels will generally be even. When the aircraft is ready to climb, lots of oceanic traffic prevents them going straight to FL360, so instead they make an intermediate climb to FL350. After eventually reaching FL360 the aircraft continues to burn fuel until it is able to climb one final time to FL380. This is maintained for the final leg of the journey before commencement of their decent into Toronto.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="what-are-cruising-altitudes%3F">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-are-cruising-altitudes%3F"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> What are Cruising Altitudes?</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>A cruising altitude is the en-route phase of flight where an aircraft usually spends the majority of any flight. The altitude can vary due to a variety of factors including:</p>
<ul>
<li>Direction of flight (what heading)</li>
<li>Length of flight (short flights will tend to cruise lower)</li>
<li>Airspace or airway restrictions</li>
<li>Traffic</li>
<li>Technical defects</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="ifr%2Fvfr-semi-circular-rules">
<h2><a class="header-anchor" href="#ifr%2Fvfr-semi-circular-rules"><svg class="permalink" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a> IFR/VFR Semi-Circular Rules</h2>
<section class="reference">
<p>Although the cruising altitude may vary dependent on some or all of the factors listed above, by convention, the following rules are observed:</p>
<p><strong>IFR</strong> - Assuming you are in RVSM airspace</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Level</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>360 - 179 degrees</td>
<td>ODD (e.g. FL330, FL350, FL370 etc)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>180 - 359 degrees</td>
<td>EVEN (e.g. FL320, FL340, FL360 etc)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>VFR</strong> - Odd or even levels with an extra 500ft added to all levels</p>
<table class="ui table definition unstackable documentation-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Heading</th>
<th>Level</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>360 - 179 degrees</td>
<td>ODD (e.g. 1500, 3500, 5500, etc)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>180 - 359 degrees</td>
<td>EVEN (e.g. 2500, 4500, 6500, etc)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>


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